IEEE Editorial Style Manual for Authors

IEEE EDITORIAL STYLE MANUAL

FOR AUTHORS

IEEE Publishing Operations

445 Hoes Lane

Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA

Updated 29 July 2024

Table of Contents

Table of Contents........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2

I. INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3

A. Purpose of Manual........................................................................................................................................................................................... 3

B. Definition of a Transactions and Explanation of the Review Process............................................................................................................. 3

C. IEEE Transactions Editing Philosophy............................................................................................................................................................ 3

II. WRITING PRINCIPLES.......................................................................................................................................................................................... 4

A. Writing Parts of an Article............................................................................................................................................................................... 4

Title.............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 4

Byline, ORCID, and Membership Citation..................................................................................................................................................4

ORCID............................................................................................................................. 4

IEEE Membership Grades.................................................................................................................................................................. 5

Consortia and group authorship.......................................................................................................................................................... 5

First Footnotes..............................................................................................................................................................................................5

First Paragraph:................................................................................................................................................................................... 5

Human/Animal Research........................................................................................................................................................... 7

Second Paragraph:...............................................................................................................................................................................7

Third Paragraph:................................................................................................................................................................................. 9

B. The Body of the Article..................................................................................................................................................................................10

Abstract...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 10

Index Terms................................................................................................................................................................................................10

Note to Practitioners...................................................................................................................................................................................10

Nomenclature............................................................................................................................................................................................. 10

Text Section Headings................................................................................................................................................................................11

Introduction................................................................................................................................................................................................12

Text Equations............................................................................................................................................................................................12

Appendix....................................................................................................................................................................................................12

Acknowledgment....................................................................................................................................................................................... 12

References..................................................................................................................................................................................................13

Text Citation of Figures and Tables........................................................................................................................................................... 14

Biographies................................................................................................................................................................................................ 15

C. Other Text.......................................................................................................................................................................................................16

Inclusive Language.................................................................................................................................................................................... 16

Footnotes....................................................................................................................................................................................................16

Lists in Text................................................................................................................................................................................................17

Dedication Line(s)......................................................................................................................................................................................18

Note Added in Proof.................................................................................................................................................................................. 18

D. Other Types of Papers.................................................................................................................................................................................... 18

Editorials.................................................................................................................................................................................................... 18

Brief Papers................................................................................................................................................................................................18

Short Papers, Letters, Correspondence, and Communications.................................................................................................................. 19

Comments and Replies...............................................................................................................................................................................19

Corrections/Errata/Addendums..................................................................................................................................................................19

Book Reviews............................................................................................................................................................................................ 20

Obituaries/In Memoriam............................................................................................................................................................................20

E. Writing Style for Transactions........................................................................................................................................................................20

Acronyms................................................................................................................................................................................................... 20

Spelling...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 20

Trademarks.................................................................................................................................................................................................21

Plurals.........................................................................................................................................................................................................21

Hyphenation Rules.....................................................................................................................................................................................21

The En, Em, or Two-Em Dash...................................................................................................................................................................21

Grammar.................................................................................................................................................................................................... 22

Contractions............................................................................................................................................................................................... 22

Capitalization............................................................................................................................................................................................. 22

Dates...........................................................................................................................................................................................................22

Percentages and Decimals..........................................................................................................................................................................22

Ranges With Units..................................................................................................................................................................................... 23

Math........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 23

Equation Numbers......................................................................................................................................................................................24

Displayed Equations.................................................................................................................................................................................. 24

F. General Layout Rules......................................................................................................................................................................................24

III. GRAMMAR AND USAGE IN TRANSACTIONS..............................................................................................................................................25

A. Rules of Grammar.......................................................................................................................................................................................... 25

IV. APPENDIX............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 27

A. Some Common Acronyms and Abbreviations...............................................................................................................................................27

B. Common Hyphenations and Misspellings......................................................................................................................................................31

C. Table of Units and Quantity Symbols............................................................................................................................................................ 34

D. Miscellaneous Alphabetical Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Symbols.......................................................................................................... 42

E. Inclusive Language Guide.............................................................................................................................................................................. 60

IEEE EDITORIAL STYLE MANUAL FOR AUTHORS

I. INTRODUCTION

A. Purpose of Manual

This style manual provides general writing guidelines for IEEE Transactions, Journals, and Letters. For guidance

in grammar and usage not included in this manual, please consult The Chicago Manual of Style, published by the

University of Chicago Press.

B. Definition of a Transactions and Explanation of the Review Process

All IEEE Transactions are refereed archival journals. This means that each Transactions has a volunteer Editor or

Editor-in-Chief (EIC) who is responsible for soliciting manuscripts and overseeing the peer review and revision

process for the journal. The referees (at least two, according to IEEE policy), together with the Editor and sometimes

with volunteer Associate Editors, determine the technical merit of each submitted article and make a

recommendation to accept, accept with revision, or reject it.

Once an author has made any necessary changes and an article has been accepted in final form for publication,

and the judgment and revision based on technical merit are complete, the articles are sent to the IEEE

Transactions/Journals Department for publication in the Transactions.

C. IEEE Transactions Editing Philosophy

The IEEE’s responsibility in editing articles for the Transactions is not to do any editing of the technical content,

but is instead to render the work as readable, grammatically correct, and as consistent with IEEE style as possible.

Since we are concerned with style mainly in the sense of IEEE house style, we do not try to change an author’s

style of writing. We do a mechanical edit to correct or question grammatical errors, obvious inconsistencies or

omissions, spelling, and punctuation. Since we work with highly technical text, we also do extensive formatting of

mathematical material.

Some manuscripts require closer editing than others; for example, some are from authors unfamiliar with the

English language. Authors with questions or requiring assistance with the English language may visit the IEEE

Author Center. Often, an IEEE Staff Editor must determine how to correct a grammatical error or decide what can

be safely changed or corrected without altering the author’s original meaning. Because of the highly technical nature

of the material we deal with, and because of our often limited understanding of that material, it is especially

important that Staff Editors do not risk making any unnecessary changes or any that may affect the author’s

meaning.

IEEE EDITORIAL STYLE MANUAL

II. WRITING PRINCIPLES

The sections of an article should generally be written in the following order:

1) Title Page (including article title, byline, membership, and first footnote)

2) Abstract, must be one paragraph and between 150 to 250 words.

3) Index Terms

4) Nomenclature (optional)

5) Introduction

6) Body of Article

7) Conclusion

8) Appendix(es)

9) Acknowledgment

10) References

11) Photographs and Biographies

A. Writing Parts of an Article

Title

In the title, all nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs, and subordinating conjunctions (If, Because, That,

Which) should be capitalized. Capitalize abbreviations that are otherwise lowercase (i.e., use DC, not dc or Dc)

except for unit abbreviations and acronyms. Words that are small cap in body text should be regular text and use

initial caps in the titles (e.g., ON-OFF). Articles (a, an, the), coordinating conjunctions (and, but, for, or, nor), and most

short prepositions are lowercase unless they are the first or last word. Prepositions of more than three letters (Before,

From, Through, With, Versus, Among, Under, Between, Without) are capitalized. Detailed equations are discouraged

in titles. If they must be included, capitalization and formatting should follow IEEE style.

Examples:

● Nonlinear Gain Coefficients in Semiconductor Lasers: Effects of Carrier Heating

● Geoscience and Remote On-Off Lidar Exploration

● Self-Pulsation in an InGaN Laser—Part I: Theory and Experiment

Byline, ORCID, and Membership Citation

Use the longest and most complete name given in either the biography or byline. Use the same information in

both places. Nicknames and maiden names are not allowed in the byline, but may be included in the biography, set

in parentheses, e.g., “John (Jack) Smith received the B.A. degree…” and “Jane (Smith) Jones received the B.S.

degree…” Hebrew and secondary surnames may be included in the byline, e.g., “Shlomo Shamai (Shitz).” Names

in native languages are also allowed.

Example:

Titles and affiliations associated with the author should be omitted. Do not use commas to precede a suffix, such

as a roman numeral or Jr./Sr., after the author’s given name.

Example:

C.-Y. Chen , Member, IEEE, K. S. Snyder Jr. , Fellow, IEEE,

and J. Fortunato III , Senior Member, IEEE

IEEE EDITORIAL STYLE MANUAL FOR AUTHORS

Mohammed Z. Ali , Member, IEEE, and Murat Torlak , Fellow, IEEE

ORCID

Open Researcher and Contributor ID is a nonproprietary alphanumeric code to uniquely identify scientific and

other academic authors and contributors. It provides a persistent identity for humans, similar to that created for

content-related entities on digital networks by DOI. ORCIDs are requested for all authors of the article and are

required for the corresponding author in order to submit a paper for peer review and access the article proof at the

Author Gateway.

IEEE Membership Grades

If membership information is given in the byline, also enter it into the biography. IEEE Membership Grades

included in the byline and biography are Student Member, Graduate Student Member, Associate Member, Member,

Senior Member, Fellow, Life Associate Member, Life Member, Life Senior Member, and Life Fellow.

Note: Affiliate Members are not considered members for the purposes of the byline and biography.

Consortia and group authorship

If a manuscript is submitted on behalf of a consortium or group, include its name in the manuscript byline and

include the full list of members in the Acknowledgment.

Mohammed Z. Ali , Member, IEEE, and Murat Torlak , Fellow, IEEE, SiPBA Group

First Footnotes

The first footnote (or the author affiliation paragraph) is made up of at least three paragraphs. This footnote is not

numbered. All other footnotes in the article are numbered consecutively. Do not use asterisks or daggers.

Example:

Manuscript received 27 April 2012; revised 18 September 2012; accepted 25 July 2013. Date of publication 15 August 2013; date of current

version 9 September 2013. This work was supported by a grant of the Romanian National Authority for Scientiﬁc Research, CNCS UEFISCDI,

under Project PN-II-ID-PCE-2011-3-0566. (Corresponding author: Florin Gherendi.)

The authors are with the National Institute for Lasers, Plasma and Radiation Physics, Plasma Physics and Nuclear Fusion Laboratory,

077125 Bucharest-Magurele, Romania (e-mail: ﬂorin.gherendi@inﬁm.ro; mnistor@inﬁm.ro; mandache@inﬁm.ro).

This article has supplementary material provided by the authors and color versions of one or more figures available at

https://doi.org/10.1109/TFUZZ.2019.2933787.

First Paragraph:

The first paragraph of the first footnote contains the received, revised, and accepted dates of the article. When

an article has more than one revised date, list all the dates. It also contains the two additional online published dates.

The first date identifies the date of publication, i.e., when the “single article” Early Access version is posted on IEEE

Xplore; the second date identifies the date of current version, or when the “final, paginated” version is posted on

IEEE Xplore.

Corresponding author(s) credit: All articles must include the name of the corresponding author(s). However, an

author may opt out upon review of the proof. Multiple corresponding authors may be listed. The corresponding

author(s) name is added in italics at the very end of the first paragraph, as follows:

Manuscript received 2 May 2018; revised 9 September 2018; accepted 12 October 2018. Date of publication 9 November 2018; date of current

version 7 March 2018. This work was supported in part by the National Basic Research Program (973 program) of China under Grant

2012JM6153472 and Grant 2011CB301903, in part by the National High Technology Research and Development Program (45863 program) of

China under Grant 2011CVB03105, and in part by the Innovative Doctoral Student Training Program at Sun Yat-sen

University. (Corresponding authors: Jessie Y. C. Chen; Shiyuan Fan.)

IEEE EDITORIAL STYLE MANUAL

Equally contributed authors: In some cases, the authors may request credit be given to specific authors who

have contributed equally to the work. This is added in italics at the very end of the first paragraph before the

corresponding author. See example below.

Manuscript received 2 May 2018; revised 9 September 2018; accepted 12 October 2018. Date of publication 29 November 2018; date of current

version 7 March 2019. This work was supported in part by the National Basic Research Program (3544 program) of China under Grant

206BNJ619782 and Grant 2511ML301357, in part by the National High Technology Research and Development Program (8673 program) of

China under Grant 2011AA03105, and in part by the Innovative Doctoral Student Training Program at Sun Yat-sen University. (Shanjin Fan and

Shiyuan Fan contributed equally to this work.) (Corresponding authors: Jessie Y. C. Chen; Shiyuan Fan.)

Co-first authors: In many fields, it is viewed as good to be the first author. But only one person can be first

author, which leads to the practice of some labs having “co-first” authorship. The wording for this is: “(Shanjin Fan

and Shiyuan Fan are co-first authors.)”. There is no need to include the “contributed equally” phrase. In the byline,

one of the authors must be listed first, but the last line in the first paragraph will indicate both authors as co-first

authors. For example:

Manuscript received 2 May 2018; revised 9 September 2018; accepted 12 October 2018. Date of publication 29 November 2018; date of current

version 7 March 2019. This work was supported in part by the National Basic Research Program (973 program) of China under Grant

2012CB619302 and Grant 2011XMK01903, in part by the National High Technology Research and Development Program (677 program) of

China under Grant 2019GHM03105, and in part by the Innovative Doctoral Student Training Program at Sun Yat-sen University. (Shanjin Fan

and Shiyuan Fan are co-first authors.) (Corresponding author: Shanjin Fan.)

Volunteer Associate Editor: In some Transactions, the Volunteer Associate Editor who processed the article is

listed in the first paragraph; this is referred to as a “recommended line.” See specific Transactions for placement and

wording. Some examples are:

Manuscript received 5 February 2018; revised 29 March 2018; accepted 29 March 2018. Date of publication 8 June 2018; date of current version

18 January 2009. Article recommended by Associate Editor Thomas Lynch.

Manuscript received 5 February 2018; revised 29 March 2018. Date of publication 8 June 2018; date of current version 18 January 2009. This

article was recommended by Associate Editor T. Lynch.

Manuscript received 4 July 2018; revised 4 September 2018. Date of publication 8 June 2018; date of current version 18 July 2018. This work

was supported by the UDDHSCSU under Grant PN-JJ78/01.10.2067 and Grant FRII 331/94.57.2067. The associate editor coordinating the

review of this article and approving it for publication was Prof. Vesa Valimaki. (Corresponding author: Jinjun Ming.)

Financial support: All financial support for the work in the article is listed in the first paragraph and not in the

Acknowledgment. Examples of financial support are:

1) This work was supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant 90210 and Grant ECS-12345.

2) This work was supported in part by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada under

Contract 12345 and Contract 702589 and in part by the National Science Foundation.

3) This work was supported by grants from the Muscular Dystrophy Association of America and the Swedish

Medical Research Council.

4) If an author/organization requests specific wording, e.g., by National Institutes of Health (NIH), use

language provided.

If support was given to a specific author, the following wording is used:

The work of C. T. Walsh was supported by the National Institutes of Health.

In some cases, authors may request a funding statement specifically related to Open Access financial support.

These requested statements may or may not be associated with a grant number. In general, these statements are

adapted and incorporated into the first footnote’s funding support area in the first paragraph, per usual guidelines.

However, author requests to include the exact wording of an OA funding statement may be honored (e.g., by

repeating the OA funding statement verbatim in an Acknowledgment section).

Prior presentation: Information of full or partial prior presentation of an article (referred to as a “paper”) at a

conference may be included in the first paragraph of the first footnote. It may not be necessary, however, to cite prior

presentation of a paper at a conference if the paper is appearing in a special issue made up exclusively of papers

presented at the conference. The DOI of the prior presentation, which links to the conference version and not a

preprint, should be included.

IEEE EDITORIAL STYLE MANUAL FOR AUTHORS

If an article is a thesis or part of a thesis or dissertation, this should be noted in the last sentence of the first

paragraph of the footnote.

Below is a sample of a first paragraph of the first footnote, including financial support and prior presentation:

Manuscript received 15 January 2018; revised 10 April 2018; accepted 29 April 2018. Manuscript received in final form on 20 May 2018. Date of

publication 8 September 2018; date of current version 18 January 2019. This work was supported in part by the National Science Foundation

under Grant lK-916, by the Joint Services Electronics Program under Contract AF-AGHGSR-14-94/95, and by the Adolph C. and Mary Sprague

Miller Institute for Basic Research in Science. This paper was presented in part at the Fourth Annual Allerton Conference on Circuit and System

Theory, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, October 2017.

Human/Animal Research

If applicable, place the human/animal research blurb as a separate paragraph below the first paragraph and before the

author affiliations in the first footnote.

Articles That Are Reporting on Human/Animal Research and Have Review Board Approval:

This work involved human subjects or animals in its research. Approval of all ethical and experimental procedures and protocols was granted by

(Name of Review Board or Committee) (IF PROVIDED under Application No. xx, and performed in line with the (Name of Specific Declaration

(IF APPLICABLE/PROVIDED)).

Example:

This work involved human subjects or animals in its research. Approval of all ethical and experimental procedures and protocols was granted by

the Ethics Review Board at the University of Tuckahow under Application No. ETH178942, and performed in line with university requirements.

Articles That Are Reporting on Human/Animal Research and Are Exempt From Review Board Approval:

This work involved human subjects or animals in its research. The author(s) confirm(s) that all human/animal subject research procedures and

protocols are exempt from review board approval.

Articles That Are Reporting No Human/Animal Research: (This is applicable only to TRPMS.)

This work did not involve human subjects or animals in its research.

Second Paragraph:

Author Affiliations: The second paragraph of the first footnote is made up of the authors’ affiliations (includes

department, university or corporation, city, state, (province or prefecture, if provided), postal code, and country.

Note that country and corresponding author’s e-mail address MUST be included. All authors may include their

e-mail addresses which would be separated by semicolons.

Examples:

Authors with same affiliation or multiple affiliations: For one author or if all authors have the same, or more

than one, affiliation:

The author is with the Department of Electrical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA, and also with Bellcore,

Morristown, NJ 07960 USA (e-mail: [email protected]g).

The author(s) is (are) with the Laboratory for Information and Decision Systems, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA

02139 USA (e-mail: [email protected]g).

Kai Gong is with the Tsinghua National Laboratory, Beijing 10084, China, and also with Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300725, China

(e-mail: [email protected]).

The authors are with the Laboratory for Information and Decision Systems, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139

USA (e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]g; [email protected]).

The author is with the Department of Electrical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA, also with Bellcore,

Morristown, NJ 07960 USA, and also with the Laboratory for Information and Decision Systems, Massachusetts Institute of Technology,

Cambridge, MA 02139 USA ([email protected]g).

Mary Wootters is with the Department of Computer Science and the Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford,

CA 94305 USA (e-mail: [email protected]g).

Two or more authors: For two or more authors with different affiliations, use separate sentences and paragraphs

for each, using authors’ full names with surname, exactly as provided in the byline. Group the authors with the same

IEEE EDITORIAL STYLE MANUAL

affiliation together; list the affiliations according to the order of the first author listed in the byline for each location.

E-mail addresses are separated by semicolons.

Examples:

Ling Pei Li is with the Department of Electrical Engineering and the Electronics Research Laboratory, University of California at Berkeley,

Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.

Toshido Ikeda and Harry Ishikawa are with Fujitsu Laboratories Ltd., Atsugi, Kanagawa 243-01, Japan (e-mail:

[email protected]).

The authors are with Fujitsu Laboratories Ltd., Atsugi, Kanagawa 243-01, Japan, and also with the Department of Electrical Engineering and

the Electronics Research Laboratory, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA (e-mail: [email protected]).

Changed affiliation: If an author had one affiliation at the time the article was written and a new one at the time

of publication, list the information as follows:

The author was with the Department of Electrical, Computer, and Systems Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12181

USA. He is now with the Institute for Microstructural Sciences, National Research Council, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada.

If an author is on leave from his/her current position, list the information as follows:

The author is with the Faculty of Information Sciences and Engineering, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT 2616, Australia, on leave

from the Department of Electronic Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.

Retired author: If an author is retired, list his/her last affiliation and current address (city, state, postal code, and

country).

Lisa A. Tepper, retired, was with the Applied Research Laboratory, Bellcore, Morristown, NJ 07851 USA. She resides in Laguna Niguel, CA

92677 USA (e-mail: [email protected]).

Deceased author: For a deceased author, add “deceased” after the name and list his/her last affiliation.

Paolo Dorigo, deceased, was with the Progetto di Intelligenza Artificiale e Robotica, Dipartimento di Elettronica e Informazione, Politecnico

di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy.

Consultant: A consultant is treated similarly to a retired author: List the last professional affiliation and current

city, state, postal code, and country.

Peter Leff Jr. was with the Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908 USA. He resides in

Charlottesville, VA 22908 USA.

Additional notes:

● Do not include street addresses of employers. For domestic authors, use official U.S. Postal Service

abbreviations for states and include U.S. ZIP codes, and country. Note that there is no comma between the

state, ZIP code, and country for U.S. affiliations. Use Canadian Province and international codes as listed in

this manual. Also include international cities, countries, and postal codes.

● List department or subdivision first, then company or school. Write out the words “Company” and

“Corporation.” Abbreviate “Inc.” and “Ltd.” (One exception to this is Texas Instruments Incorporated.)

● In a book review, to avoid confusion with the author of a book, when listing the affiliation of the reviewer of

a book, do not use “The author is with …”; instead, list the reviewer’s affiliation (“The reviewer is with …”).

● Except in rare cases, asterisks or daggers are not acceptable means of referencing a footnote in IEEE

Transactions.

Third Paragraph:

The third paragraph of the first footnote contains a notice if the article has supplementary materials and/or color

figures in the online version. The link would always begin with https://doi.org/theFullDOI.

If there is only supplementary material:

This article has supplementary downloadable material available at https://doi.org/10.1109/TFUZZ.2019.2933787, provided by the authors.

If there are both supplementary material and online-only color figures:

This article has supplementary material provided by the authors and color versions of one or more figures available at

https://doi.org/10.1109/TFUZZ.2019.2933787.

If there are online-only color figures but no supplementary material:

Color versions of one or more figures in this article are available at https://doi.org/10.1109/TFUZZ.2019.2933787.

IEEE EDITORIAL STYLE MANUAL FOR AUTHORS

If authors supply their own DOIs for datasets posted to external sites (for example, GitHub), placement is the same

as the multimedia statement:

Data is available on-line at https://doi.org/10.15129/ae577969-aa18-47f2-8dff-df6a20eba41e.

Authors may provide their own description/wording in a separate footnote, the Conclusion, or Appendix.

B. The Body of the Article

Abstract

Every published article must contain an Abstract. All variables should appear lightface italic; numbers and units

will remain bold. Abstracts must be a single paragraph.

In order for an Abstract to be effective when displayed on IEEE Xplore as well as through indexing services such

as Compendex, INSPEC, Medline, ProQuest, and Web of Science, it must be an accurate, standalone reflection of

the contents of the article. They shall not contain numbered mathematical equations, numbered reference citations,

nor footnotes.

Index Terms

All articles must contain Index Terms. These are keywords provided by the authors. Index Terms appear in

alphabetical order and as a final paragraph of the Abstract section. Capitalize the first word of the Index Terms list;

lowercase the rest unless capitalized in text. Include the definition of an acronym followed by the acronym in

parentheses.

Example:

Index Terms—Abstraction, computer-aided system engineering (CASE),

conceptual schema, data model, entity type hierarchy, ISO reference model,

layered architecture meta model, reverse engineering.

Note to Practitioners

This is formatted in the same style as Abstracts. It follows the Abstract and is separated by a line space. There

may be more than one paragraph.

Example:

Note to Practitioners—Abstraction, computer-aided system engineering (CASE),

conceptual schema, data model, entity type hierarchy, ISO reference model, layered architectural

meta model, reverse engineering.

Nomenclature

Nomenclature lists (lists of symbols and definitions) generally follow the Abstract and Index Terms and precede

the Introduction. This type of list is characterized by the following.

1) The Nomenclature heading is a primary heading without a Roman numeral.

2) The first column of the list is flush left.

3) The second column is aligned on the left.

4) There is one em space from the longest item on the left side to the right side.

5) The first letter on the right-hand side is capitalized.

6) Each item ends with a period.

7) Do not use “is” or “the” at the beginning of items.

8) Do not use equality symbols between the left and right sides.

Equations in an item should be handled as follows.

IEEE EDITORIAL STYLE MANUAL

1) When the equation is at the beginning of an item, align the equal sign with the right-hand side capitals, end

the equation with a period, begin the definition with a capital, and end with a period.

2) When the equation is at the end of an item, end the definition with a comma, follow with an equal sign and

the rest of the equation, then end with a period as shown in the following example.

NOMENCLATURE

SPQ

Strictly proper pole constraints.

Minimal weighted sensitivity.

P(s)

Physical feedback.

Weighting.

= P – 1. Improper function.

S, l

Signal density, = P, M.

NOTE: Acronyms defined in a Nomenclature list do not need to be defined again in the text. If the section

headings are made up of only previously defined acronyms, we should continue to add the acronym in parentheses

next to the definition, as it becomes unreadable otherwise.

Text Section Headings

Standard specifications have been established for Transactions text section headings. There are four levels of

section headings with established specs: primary (section), secondary (subsect1), tertiary (subsect2), and quaternary

(subsect3) heads.

Enumeration of section headings is desirable, but not required. Primary headings (section) are enumerated by

Roman numerals, centered above text, and set in 10-pt. and 8-pt. caps. Note that Introduction, Conclusion, and

Acknowledgment are Singular heads.

Example:

I. INTRODUCTION

Secondary headings (subsect1) are enumerated by capital letters followed by periods (“A.,” “B.,” etc.), flush left,

italic, upper and lowercase.

Example:

A. Formal Frameworks

Tertiary headings (subsect2) are enumerated by Arabic numerals followed by parentheses. They are indented one

em, run into the text in their sections, italic, upper and lowercase, and followed by a colon.

Example:

1) Sophisticated Local Control: Sophisticated local control is applied when …

Quaternary headings (subsect3) are identical to tertiary headings, except that they are indented two ems instead

of one em, lowercase letters are used as labels, and only the first letter of the heading is capitalized.

Example:

1a) Communication policies: Policies developed to improve communication …

Reference and Acknowledgment headings are unlike all other section headings in text. They are never

enumerated. They are simply primary headings without labels, regardless of whether the other headings in the article

are enumerated.

Example:

REFERENCES

ACKNOWLEDGMENT (note spelling here)

Appendix headings are a special case. The primary heading(s) in the Appendix or Appendixes are set according

to the usual style, except that there is flexibility in the enumeration of the heading. Roman numerals as heading

numbers (Appendix I) or letters (Appendix A) are acceptable. The Appendix is not preceded by a Roman numeral.

IEEE EDITORIAL STYLE MANUAL FOR AUTHORS

Follow the rules given earlier for labeling subsidiary heads. Note that if there is only one Appendix in the article,

leave the Appendix unnumbered and unnamed as is. (Appendix subheads should also not be enumerated in this

case.)

Examples:

APPENDIX

APPENDIX I

PROOF OF THEOREM

APPENDIX A

PROOF OF THEOREM

Headings for Theorems, Proofs, and Postulates: Some articles do not conform to an outline style for theorems

and proofs that is easily transformed into the normal heading sequence. The preferred style is to set the head giving

the theorem number as a tertiary heading (no Arabic numeral preceding) and the proof head as a quaternary head.

This rule also applies to Lemmas, Hypotheses, Propositions, Definitions, Conditions, etc.

In-text references to text sections are written: “in Section II” or “in Section II-A” or “in Section II-A1.”

Capitalize the word “Section.” Do not use the word “Subsection”; use “Section” and write out the complete citation.

Note that there is no period in Section II-A1 to separate the subsections.

Introduction

Initial Cap or Drop Cap: In full-length articles and/or Editorials (but not in short papers), the first letter of the

Introduction is set as an initial cap, two lines deep (drop cap). After the cap, the remaining characters of the word are

capitalized, as well as another 1–2 words at most. Do not break up hyphenated words into cap and lowercase

sections—extend the caps if necessary. If it is not possible to use the first word or character of the Introduction as an

initial cap (i.e., if the article begins with a quotation mark), try rewriting the sentence.

Text Equations

Consecutive Numbering: Equations within an article are numbered consecutively from the beginning of the

article to the end. There are some Transactions in which numbering by section, e.g., (1.1), (1.2.1), (A1), is permitted.

Appendix Equations: Continued consecutive numbering of equations is best in the Appendix, but equation

numbering that starts over with (A1), (A2), etc., for Appendix equations is permissible.

Hyphens and Periods: Hyphens and periods are accepted, if consistent in the article, e.g., (1a), (1.1), (1-1).

Appendix

Refer to the Appendix in text as “given in the Appendix.” Note that the plural of Appendix is Appendixes. Also

note that all figures and tables in the Appendixes must be labeled in consecutive order with the other figures in the

article.

Acknowledgment

The placement of the Acknowledgment appears after the final text of the article, just before the References and

after any Appendix(es). The spelling of the heading for the Acknowledgment section is always singular, with no “e”

between the “g” and the “m.” As noted previously in the Text Headings section, the Acknowledgment head is a

primary heading. Do not enumerate the Acknowledgment heading.

The use of content generated by artiﬁcial intelligence (AI) in an article (including but not limited to text, ﬁgures,

images, and code) shall be disclosed in the acknowledgments section of any article submitted to an IEEE

publication. The AI system used shall be identiﬁed, and speciﬁc sections of the article that use AI-generated content

shall be identiﬁed and accompanied by a brief explanation regarding the level at which the AI system was used to

generate the content. The use of AI systems for editing and grammar enhancement is common practice and, as such,

IEEE EDITORIAL STYLE MANUAL

is generally outside the intent of the above policy. In this case, disclosure as noted above is recommended. An

example of this wording is as follows:

Article

Fig. caption: Graphic(s) created using AI-generation. For image credits, please see the Acknowledgment section

of this article.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Fig. X was created using <AI system used>. <Brief explanation regarding the level at which the AI system was

used to generate the content.>

When citing names within the Acknowledgment, drop Mr., Mrs., or Miss (list first initial and last name only).

For Dr. or Prof., use the Dr. or Prof. title with each name separately; do not use plural Drs. or Profs. with lists of

names.

All acknowledgments of financial support are placed in the first footnote/author affiliation (with a few

exceptions of some Transactions).

Any acknowledgments of permission to publish and disclaimers to the content of the work made to/by the

author’s employer may be added as an Acknowledgment section.

Write the Acknowledgment section in the third person.

Personal notes such as family announcements, proposals, etc., should be deleted from the Acknowledgment.

References

A few guidelines related to the writing of references are summarized here.

The numbering of references is employed by citing one reference per number. Every reference in a Transactions

reference list should be a separate number entry. Use of one reference number to designate a group of references is

not permitted.

Example:

[37] E. G. Bowen, Radar Days, Institute of Physics Publishing, 1987. The literature of WWII radar is vast. Among

the most comprehensive references are L. Brown, A Radar History of World War II: Technical and Military

Imperatives, Institute of Physics Publishing, 1999; S. Swords, Technical History of the Beginnings of Radar, Peter

Perigrinus, 1986; H. Guerlac, Radar in World War II, Tomash Publishers, American Institute of Physics, 1987.

The References should be written as follows:

[37] E. G. Bowen, Radar Days. London, U.K.: Institute of Physics, 1987.

[38] L. Brown, A Radar History of World War II: Technical and Military Imperatives. London, U.K.: Institute of

Physics, 1999.

[39] S. Swords, Technical History of the Beginnings of Radar. Stevenage, U.K.: Peregrinus, 1986.

[40] H. Guerlac, Radar in World War II. New York, NY, USA: Tomash Publishers/Amer. Inst. of Physics, 1987.

In the text, the following footnote would be added after the citation for ref. [37]:

“The literature of WWII radar is vast. Among the most comprehensive references are [38], [39], [40].”

Any references to the original refs. [38], [39], and [40] would be changed to [41], [42], and [43], respectively.

Footnotes or other words and phrases that are part of the reference format do not belong on the reference list.

These full footnotes or extraneous phrases must always be removed from the list, changed into text or footnotes on

the appropriate page, and the references renumbered (renumber reference citation in text as well). Even the words

“For example” should not introduce references in the actual list, but should instead be included in parentheses in text

(or in a footnote), followed by the reference number, i.e., “For example, see [5].”

Do not say “in reference [1] …”; rather, the text should be written to read simply, “in [1] …” The author’s name

should not be included in a text reference with a number (i.e., “In Smith [1]”) and should be changed to “in [1]”

except in such cases where the author’s name is integral to the understanding of the sentence (e.g., “Smith [1]

IEEE EDITORIAL STYLE MANUAL FOR AUTHORS

reduced calculated time …”). Reference dates should not be used as reference identifiers and should be deleted in

text except in rare cases where the date is somehow relevant to the article’s subject.

Do not refer to a specific figure of a reference or to a specific page or equation from a reference. To avoid

confusion, rewrite phrases such as “in Fig. 2 of reference [1]” to the IEEE cross-reference notation “in [1, Fig. 2].”

Similarly, rewrite phrases such as “in equation (8) of reference [1]” to be [1, eq. (8)]. Other phrases may be rewritten

as [1, Sec. IV], [1, Th. 4.2], or [1, Ch. 3].

If listing the same reference more than once on the reference list, giving a new reference number for each page

or part of the same source that is cited, these separate references should all be made into one reference and the

separate citations of pages, equations, etc., should be made in text using the notation explained in the previous

paragraph.

If a reference author’s name is mentioned in the text, check its spelling against the reference list.

Text Citation of Figures and Tables

Use of the Lena Image (EFFECTIVE 1 April 2024)

IEEE’s diversity statement and supporting policies such as the IEEE Code of Ethics speak to IEEE’s commitment

to promoting an inclusive and equitable culture that welcomes all. In alignment with this culture and with respect to

the wishes of the subject of the image, Lena Forsén, IEEE will no longer accept submitted papers which include the

“Lena image.”

All first citations of figures and tables in the article must be in numerical order. Citations to figures in text always

carry the abbreviation “Fig.” followed by the figure number. The abbreviation is used even when it begins a

sentence. Figure footnotes should be placed as part of the caption.

Figures: The general style for captions is such that each caption number should be cited with the abbreviation

“Fig.” and the number, followed by a period, an em space, and then the text of the caption. The first word of the

caption should always be capitalized, regardless of any style that may be chosen to list caption parts (a), (b), etc., if

included. If you are citing Fig. 1(a) and 1(b), the singular "Fig." is still used. In general, do not use A, An, or The at

the beginning of a figure or table caption.

Example:

Fig. 1. Theoretical measured values of n.

There are several acceptable styles for listing the parts of the figure in the caption. Be consistent within each

article, but otherwise use whichever style is most convenient for the figure. Regardless of which caption notation is

used, the citation of (a), (b), etc., should always appear before the corresponding caption part.

Examples:

Fig. 1. Intercomplex crosstalk characteristics. (a) Electrode

transmission. (b) Interelectrode crosstalk.

Fig. 2. (a) Variation of effective mode index with time. (b)

Step-index change.

Fig. 3. Output resistance as a function of channel doping for

1-m-long gate. (a) InGaAs and (b) InP JFETs with pinchoff voltage

as a parameter.

Fig. 4. (a) and (b) Plain and side views, respectively, of the

experimental setup used to measure the effective diffraction loss

which can be achieved using the feedback technique.

Fig. 1. (a) Electrode transmission. (b) Interelectrode crosstalk.

If parts of a figure after reduction will run the length of more than one page, the full descriptive part of the

caption should be cited with the first part of the figure followed by the corresponding caption for the part. On the

subsequent pages, the word (Continued.) will be placed under the carryover parts of the figure followed by a repeat

of the full descriptive part of the caption and the corresponding caption for the carryover parts.

Captions for Landscape/broadside figures: The text should appear below the figures and facing outward at all

times.

Examples:

IEEE EDITORIAL STYLE MANUAL

Fig. 6. True and estimated spectra for a real data sequence. (a) True

spectrum.

Fig. 6. (Continued.) True and estimated spectra for a real data

sequence. (b) Estimated with the periodogram.

Tables: The general style for table captions is such that each caption number should be centered above the table

with the label TABLE and the enumeration given in Roman numerals. The descriptive text of the caption should be

centered directly below the table number caption

The descriptive text of the table caption does not contain a period at the end of the caption, although punctuation

may be necessary within the caption itself. In general, table captions should be set as an inverted pyramid.

The style for listing the parts of a table in the caption and in text depends on whichever style is most convenient

for the table. The most acceptable style is to follow the conventions for callouts of figures.

Example:

TABLE I

PARAMETER VALUES

TABLE II

OPTIMAL WAVELENGTH AS A FUNCTION OF POLARIZER ANGLE. (a) WAVELENGTH

FOR EXTERNAL CAVITY. (b) ESTIMATED WAVELENGTH FOR LASER DIODE

Obtaining permission to reuse copyrighted material

Reusing IEEE graphics previously published in IEEE publications: You will need to request permission directly

from IEEEXplore. In most cases, the only requirements will be to give full credit to the original source and to obtain

the author’s approval (as a courtesy to the author). At the end of the caption, add the reference number(s) of the

article(s) from which the graphics are being used.

Reusing graphics previously published in non-IEEE publications: You are responsible for obtaining in advance

permission to republish from the copyright holder [in most cases, this is the publishing house (not the author of the

article)]. The wording is usually supplied by the publishing house itself. This text is added at the end of the caption.

Biographies

IEEE Transactions author biographies are generally divided into three paragraphs. However, if appropriate

information for each paragraph is not available, the biography may be only one or two paragraphs. QR codes are not

accepted in place of biographies and/or photographs (we will not send readers to a destination for which we cannot

be confident of long-term accessibility).

Always defer to the pronoun or title provided by the author. If provided as “they” and “them,” do not change to

be singular; these should be considered non-binary singular pronouns.

The biography begins with the author’s full name and IEEE membership history. The author’s name appears in

boldface type and must match the byline. A nickname or maiden name may appear within parentheses, e.g.,

Sung-Mo (Steve) Kang or Jane (Smith) Jones, but not in the byline. List current IEEE membership only; this is

written out in full and should match the byline exactly.

Note that affiliate memberships are neither listed in the byline nor biography membership history.

Abbreviations for IEEE membership grades are S (Student Member), GS (Graduate Student Member), A

(Associate Member), M (Member), SM (Senior Member), F (Fellow), LA (Life Associate Member), LM (Life

Member), LSM (Life Senior Member), and LF (Life Fellow). Note that A stands for Associate, not Affiliate,

Member. Affiliate memberships are not listed in the byline or biography membership history.

Do not include references to IEEE membership from the text of the biography.

Author photographs should be professional images of the head and shoulders. Current photographs are

encouraged; baby and family photographs should not be used.

First Paragraph: The first paragraph may contain a place and/or date of birth (list place, then date). Next, the

author’s educational background is listed. When listing degrees earned, the biography should state “[S]he received

the Ph.D. degree from …” (not “[S]he received [her] his Ph.D. degree from …”). Always add the word “degree”

after a degree title. Include the years degrees were received. Abbreviations for some common international and

domestic degrees are:

IEEE EDITORIAL STYLE MANUAL FOR AUTHORS

Dipl.Ing., Diplom-Physiker, Dr. Ing., Dr. Phil., Dr. Eng., B.S., S.B., B.Sc.(Hons.), B.E.E., B.S.E., M.Eng.,

M.Sc.(tech.), M.S.E.E., M.S.E., Civilingenir, Lic.es Sci., Lic.es Lett.

Add the full locations (city, state, country) of universities and colleges the first time they are mentioned. For U.S.

state-named universities, repeat the state name in the location, and include the country (e.g., University of Colorado,

Boulder, CO, USA); for city-named universities, repeat the name of the city when giving the location (e.g.,

University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA). For universities outside the U.S., give locations with the name of the city

(postal abbreviations of Canadian Provinces, if used) and the country the first time.

Use lowercase for the author’s major field of study.

Second Paragraph: The second paragraph of the biography lists military and work experience, including

summer and fellowship jobs and consultant positions. Job titles are capitalized. The current job must have a location

(city, state, country); previous positions may be listed without one. Do not abbreviate city names, Company,

Laboratory, or Department. Use standard names for all countries. If there is space, information the author provides

about previous publications may be included at the end of this paragraph. Edit out long lists of published books or

articles. Instead use the sentence “s(he) is the author of several books and numerous published articles.” The format

for listing publishers of an author’s books within the biography is: Title of the Book (publisher name, year) similar to

a reference. (Note, use the word “titled” not “entitled” to introduce the book [e.g., He is the author of the book titled

Stochastic Analysis and Applications (Taylor & Francis, 2012)]. List author affiliations with non-IEEE journals.

Note IEEE TRANSACTION AND JOURNAL TITLES should be in small caps; IEEE Magazine Titles should be in italics; and

non-IEEE titles should be in italics. List previous and current research interests. Do not repeat the author’s name in

the second paragraph; use “he” or “she.”

Third Paragraph: The third paragraph begins with the author’s title and last name (e.g., Dr. Smith, Prof. Jones,

Mr. Kajor, Ms. Hunter). It lists the author’s memberships in professional societies other than the IEEE and his or her

status as a Professional Engineer if applicable. Finally, list awards and work for IEEE committees and publications,

affiliation with other professional societies, and symposia.

Personal notes such as hobbies should not be included in the biography. Authors may include an external link to

their work, this should appear as “For more information, see http://website.of.author” This should be the full URL

and not an abbreviated link.

Examples:

Michael C. Author Jr. (Fellow, IEEE) was born in New York, NY, USA, in 1969. He received the B.S. degree in applied mathematics from

the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA, in 1989, the M.S. degree in mathematical physics from Stanford University, Stanford, CA,

USA, in 1991, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA, in 1995.

From 1993 to 1995, he was with Raytheon Corporation, Bedford, MA, USA. From 1995 to 1996, he was with the General Electric Space

Laboratory, Valley Forge, PA, USA. From 1996 to 1997, he was a Fulbright Lecturer at the University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain. He is currently

an Associate Professor of electrical engineering at the University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA. His research has been concerned with

reentry plasma effects and microwave diagnostics of plasmas.

Dr. Author is a Registered Professional Engineer in the State of Pennsylvania. For more information, see http://website.of.author.

Katsunari Okamoto was born in Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan, in 1949. He received the B.S. degree from Rutgers University, New

Brunswick, NJ, USA, in 1979, and the M.S. degree from Monmouth University, Long Branch, NJ, USA, in 1984.

He was a Postdoctoral Fellow at the University of Tokyo, Japan, in 1978. He joined the Ibaraki Electrical Communication Laboratory, N.T.T.,

Ibaraki-ken, Japan, in 1979, where he was engaged in research on the optimum waveguide structure of optical fibers. At present, he is a Member

of Technical Staff at Bellcore, Red Bank, NJ, USA.

Dr. Okamoto is a member of the Institute of Electronics and Communication Engineers of Japan.

Squibs

If the author chooses not to publish his/her biography and photograph, a squib is used. Example:

James A. Author (Fellow, IEEE), photograph and biography not available at the time of publication.

If all authors of the article opt not to publish his/her biography and photograph, no squib is used.

IEEE EDITORIAL STYLE MANUAL

C. Other Text

Inclusive Language

To avoid the use of insensitive terms/phrases, please refer to the Inclusive Language Guide in the Appendix for

replacement text. Use “people-first language,” i.e., the person has X; has been diagnosed with X; uses a X; etc.

Footnotes

Footnotes should be numbered in consecutive order throughout the text. Each footnote should be a new

paragraph. The footnote numbers are superscripts in text and in the actual footnotes. In text, place the superscript

footnote numbers after punctuation such as periods, commas, parentheses, and quotation marks, but generally before

dashes, colons, and semicolons in a compound sentence. The footnotes should be placed at the bottom of the text

column in which they are cited.

Lists in Text

There are three types of lists in text: run-in lists, displayed lists, and where lists. The ordering of labeling for all

lists is 1), 2), 3) followed by a), b), c), and then i), ii), iii). Note the single (ending) parenthesis. The order of

indentation is 1 em, 2 ems, 3 ems.

Run-In Lists: Lists that run in with text must be grammatically correct. They must also be introduced by a colon,

separated by semicolons, and have parallel construction. Example:

The carrier–phonon interaction matrices are given by: 1) polar optical phonons; 2) deformation potential

optical phonons; and 3) piezoelectric acoustic phonons.

Displayed Lists: Lists that are displayed may be either incomplete sentence items or full sentence items.

Incomplete sentence items contain a few items, are very short, are grammatically parallel, and are handled in two

ways. If the items are not mentioned in the text or are fewer than three items, run in as shown in the example for

run-in lists. If, however, the items are mentioned later in the text, introduce the item with a colon, number the items,

begin the entry with a lowercase letter, and set block paragraph style. Use semicolons between items and a period at

the end of the list. Example:

This operating scenario provides all of the contributors necessary to configure a resonant power distribution

system:

1) implementation of capacitor power factor correction on the power line;

2) presence of nonlinear load;

3) tuning of the power line by the load adjustments to a frequency present in the nonlinear generator.

Incomplete sentence items that are mentioned in text may also be formatted as shown in the example for full

sentence items.

Example:

The three problems are related in the following sense:

1) Additional cost constraint;

2) Relaxation of the constraints is permitted;

3) Limited budget optimization is a general optimization problem.

Full sentence items may be introduced by “that” or other words taking object and end with a period. Number all

items, start each entry with a capital letter, and end with a period. Example:

The synthesis is performed in three major steps.

1) Geometry is generated for the selected module variants.

2) Shape variants using different fold counts for resistors are generated for each module.

3) Routing and postprocessing complete the final layout.

Where Lists: Where lists define variables in the equations preceding the list. They are characterized by

incomplete sentences and follow the same rules as Nomenclature lists, with the following exceptions.

1) There is no primary heading.

2) The left-hand side is indented one em space.

3) The first letter on the right-hand side is lowercase.

IEEE EDITORIAL STYLE MANUAL FOR AUTHORS

4) Each item ends with a semicolon (except for the last item, which ends with a period).

5) The lists are at least three items long; if fewer than three items, the list is generally run in paragraph form.

Example:

where

amplitude of supply voltage flicker;

angular frequency of supply voltage flicker;

supply voltage amplitude;

supply angular frequency.

Note the alignment of the equal sign with the right-hand side.

Lists having mixed items (start with an incomplete item, then have a full sentence explanation) are treated as a

full sentence item list.

Dedication Line(s)

Dedication lines are usually run on the first page of an article, immediately above the Abstract.

Example: Dedicated to the work of J. W. Walters.

Note Added in Proof

One may wish to add a brief note in the proof stage, citing results obtained after acceptance of the article or

mentioning additional references that have come to their attention since the article was accepted. This added

information is usually inserted at the end of the Conclusion section of the article or in whatever section contains the

last paragraph of the main body of the article. As long as the note is not a major change to the article or more than a

few lines long, the addition generally does not require further review procedures. Use the tertiary heading “Note

Added in Proof:” (run into text), but set in boldface italic with no enumeration and an em space indent.

Examples:

Note Added in Proof: The author is an owner of the company which manufactured the tubes used in these

experiments.

Note Added in Proof: Additional information about similar research can be found at

www.newreseachresults.com.

D. Other Types of Papers

Editorials

This category of papers includes the various types of introductory papers, such as Editorials, Guest Editorials,

Forewords, Introductions, and Editorial Announcements that appear at the beginning of issues as nontechnical

introductory material. The Editorial may contain illustrations, citations, and references. Citations to articles in the

issue should be listed as “Related Works” instead of in the reference section. It may contain a photograph and

biography of each guest editor when it is a Guest Editorial for a special issue or section. An acknowledgment does

not contain a heading. Note: In the Editorial, the Acknowledgment does not need to be written in third person and

there is no Abstract.

Byline: Note that the byline for the Editorial does NOT appear below the title as it does in a full-length article.

The name of the author of the Editorial or Foreword (usually the Editor or Guest Editor) (called “signature”) appears

at the end of the Editorial.

IEEE EDITORIAL STYLE MANUAL

Example:

MARVIN K. SAIN, Guest Editor

Department of Electrical Engineering

University of Illinois

Urbana, IL 60617 USA

Brief Papers

These articles contain Abstracts and an initial cap. The byline includes the membership grade. They do not

contain biographies and photographs of the authors.

Short Papers, Letters, Correspondence, and Communications

Short papers are set up like full-length articles. The membership grade is not included in the byline. Author

biographies and photographs are not included. Footnotes, captions, and references may be included.

Letters are a type of short paper that have a strict low page limit and appear at a back section of an issue. Note

that these letters are not the same as research letters formatted as regular papers without biographies that make up

entire volumes or issues (e.g., IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, IEEE Electron Device Letters, etc.).

Correspondence and communications also use the short paper format, but are typically only a few paragraphs in

length. These include letters to the editor.

Comments and Replies

Comments are generally in response to a previously published article. The Comments and Author(s) Reply are

short papers published together in that the “Reply” is in response to the Comments. These short items may appear

without Abstracts. A special format applies for Comments and Author(s) Reply. Begin the first sentence with “In the

above article [1], ...” Reference [1] is the commented article’s citation and will appear as Reference [1] in the

References section.

Some publications refer to these articles as Discussions and Closures. Index Terms are optional.

Example of the Comments:

Title: Comments on “Harmonics: The Effects on Power Quality and Transformers”

Byline: Keith H. Sueker

Footnote:

Manuscript received 15 July 2006.

The author is with the School of Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235 USA (e-mail: [email protected]).

Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/JQE.2006.12345

NOTE: The footnote here relates back to the original article being commented upon. The title is not repeated.

Example of the Reply:

Title: Authors’ Reply

Byline: Robert D. Henderson and Patrick J. Rose

Footnote:

Manuscript received 3 October 2006; accepted 5 October 2006. Date of publication 2 November 2006; date of current version

25 November 2006.

The authors are with RDH Consultants, Inc., Charlotte, NC 28241 USA (e-mail: corresponding@author.com).

Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/JQE.2006.12348

Corrections/Errata/Addendums

The format for a Corrections, Errata, and Addendums is basically the same as for the Comments, except that a

Corrections/Errata/Addendum does not carry a Reply. All run a copyright line. A Correction is a notice that makes

note of an error by the author in their original writing. An Erratum is a notice of an error introduced by the

publisher. An Addendum is an additional, short statement that relates to/supplements the published article. It should

follow the standard format of a Correspondence.

IEEE EDITORIAL STYLE MANUAL FOR AUTHORS

Note: The plural form of the word is used in the title, even if there may be only one correction. All

Corrections/Errata must carry the byline as the same form as the original article; this ensures that the two articles

will be linked properly.

Example of a “Corrections” article:

Title: Corrections to “On the Exact Realization of LOG-Domain Elliptic Filters Using the Signal Flow Graph

Approach”

Byline: Costas Psychalinos and Spiridon Vlassis

Footnote:

Manuscript received 1 May 2003.

The authors are with the Physics Department, Electronics Laboratory, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki,

Greece (e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]).

Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TCSII.2003.814788

Example of an Erratum:

Title: Erratum to “Harmonics: The Effects on Power Quality and Transformers”

Byline: Robert D. Henderson and Patrick J. Rose

Footnote:

Manuscript received 20 January 2004.

The authors are with RDH Consultants, Inc., Charlotte, NC 28241 USA (e-mail: [email protected]).

Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TVLSI.2004.830244

Example of an Addendum:

Title: Addendum to “Harmonics: The Effects on Power Quality and Transformers”

Byline: Robert D. Henderson and Patrick J. Rose

Footnote:

Manuscript received 20 January 2004.

The authors are with RDH Consultants, Inc., Charlotte, NC 28241 USA (e-mail: [email protected]).

Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TVLSI.2004.830244

Book Reviews

Some publications carry Book Reviews. They are the same as a short paper or correspondence; however, the title

runs additional information about the book that is being reviewed. The title is separated from the book’s author by

an em dash. Included in parentheses is the city of publication, publisher, date of publication, the total number of

pages of the book, and the price. Outside of the parentheses is the reviewer’s name in italics. Some Transactions

carry a short biography of the reviewer under the title. Book Reviews appear in the table of contents with a listing

for both the author of the book and the reviewer. Example:

Title and Byline:

The Analysis and Design of Pneumatic Systems—B. L. Andersen. (New York: Wiley, 1987, 302 pp., $65.00.)

Reviewed by J. L. Shearer.

First Footnote:

The reviewer is with the College of Engineering, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID 83209 USA. Digital Identifier

0090-6778/TNN.2005.828433.

Table of Contents:

The Analysis and Design of Pneumatic Systems—B. L. Andersen .......Reviewed by J. L. Shearer 123

Obituaries/In Memoriam

Obituaries are usually run as the first page of an issue, like an Editorial. They are set up with the same specs as

Editorials.

IEEE EDITORIAL STYLE MANUAL

E. Writing Style for Transactions

The following provides a summary of the most important style distinctions to be made in the writing of a

Transactions article.

Acronyms

Define acronyms the first time they appear in the Abstract as well as the first time they appear in the body of the

article, written out first as part of the sentence, followed by the acronym in parentheses. Widely used or familiar

terms should be defined (see the Common Acronyms and Abbreviations list in the Appendix for some terms that

must be defined the first time they are used in text). Acronyms do not need to be defined in the text if mentioned in

the Nomenclature. Coined plurals or plurals of acronyms do not take the apostrophe as per Chicago Manual of Style.

Example: FET (singular); FETs (plural).

Indefinite articles are assigned to abbreviations to fit the sound of the first letter: an FCC regulation; a BRI.

Spelling

Note that IEEE Transactions use the first spelling of a word as given in the main entry of The Merriam-Webster

Dictionary.

British Spellings and Terminology: Change all British spellings to American spellings. In particular, watch for

“our” endings in words like “behaviour” (change to “behavior”) and “re” endings in words like “centre” (change to

“center”). Also watch for the use of “s” rather than “z” in words like “polarisation” (change to “polarization”). See

“Common Hyphenations and Misspellings” in the Appendix.

Trademarks

The trademark symbols ™ and ® are no longer used. Capitalize the first letter in the trademark name only. The

symbols ™ and ®, which often accompany registered trademark names on product packaging and in advertisements,

need not be used in running text. Optionally, for the first occurrence of a trademarked product, a footnote superscript

can be placed after the trademarked name, with a matching footnote that reads “Trademarked.” or “Registered

trademark.”

Plurals

Plurals of units of measure take the “s.” For example, the plural form of 3 mil is 3 mils; 3 bits/s instead of 3 bit/s.

The plural of calendar years do not take the apostrophe before the “s.” For example, the plural form of 1990 is

1990s.

Hyphenation Rules

For hyphenation and spelling guidelines, IEEE style follows: 1) the list of preferred spellings and hyphenated

words can be found in the Appendix; 2) the guidelines discussed in the Grammar and Usage in Transactions section

of this guide; and 3) the first version of the spelling given in the most recent edition of The Merriam-Webster

Dictionary. Do not hyphenate most compound modifiers if they occur after the noun being modified, even if

hyphenating them before the noun.

Examples:

The plan was well prepared. The man was little known. The woman was better qualified. His boat was 42 feet long.

He has a 42-foot-long boat. T was the data period of the 40-Gb/s data signal. The 160-GHz MLLD was a diode in

which a 40-nm-long saturable absorber was located.

NOTE: Do not use the IEEE Standards Dictionary for hyphenation guidelines as no attempt is made there

for consistency in hyphenation. The Standards Dictionary is quite useful for its definitions and acronyms list

in its back section.

IEEE EDITORIAL STYLE MANUAL FOR AUTHORS

The most important hyphenation guideline is to be certain that the hyphenation for a particular word or group of

adjectives is consistent within a particular article.

The En, Em, or Two-Em Dash

The en dash represents the words “to,” “through,” or “and.” Use it between page numbers, reference numbers,

figure citations, academic years, proper nouns, names, a range of values, or for opposites.

Examples:

● pp. 10–15,

● 1984–1990,

● Jones–Smith theorem,

● input–output,

● voltage–current curve,

● analog–digital converter,

● 10–20 cm.

Also, use the en dash in chemical abbreviations such as Ni–Al–Si. When using the en dash to represent a range,

if the word “from” occurs, the word “to” must be used rather than an en dash (e.g., ranges from 5 to 50 times).

The em dash is used in ordinary writing to mark a suspension of the sense. It is also used like parentheses, to

mark a subordinate thought within a sentence.

Grammar

Check closely for lapses of clarity, subject/verb agreement, and parallel clause construction. See the following

examples:

Number:

A number of samples were taken …

A number N expressing the relation x/y is chosen …

Data:

The data were collected … (always plural)

Series:

A series of tests was run … (always singular with “a”)

Some, All, Half:

Some (all, half) of it is …

Some of them are …

For example:

Use “all of” with another pronoun, such as “these” or “those,” and before singular nouns. For collective and

plural nouns, use “all.”

Quantity:

Three volts were applied …

Four grams were added …

Contractions

Contractions such as “don’t” and “can’t” are not used in technical text. Change to “do not” and “cannot.”

Note: “don’t care,” “best-case,” and “worst-case” are allowed and used often in journals like TCAD.

Capitalization

In general, discourage capitalization in text except where absolutely necessary. For example, only proper names

attached to the names of laws, principles, theorems, etc., get capitalized (Abel’s theorem, Newton’s first law, etc.).

Computer commands are in computer tags and remain small caps; most computer languages (Cobol, Java, LISP,

PERL, etc.) are upper and lowercase. Earth should be capitalized when referring to the planet.

IEEE EDITORIAL STYLE MANUAL

Dates

Use the international date format for all dates in the article. Spell out the month. (Note: This does not include

references. Continue to follow IEEE Reference Style.)

4 June 2002

23-31 October 2019

3 November 2021–4 December 2021

Percentages and Decimals

Always use the number and the percent sign when dealing with percentages. The percentage symbol is repeated in

lists and ranges.

Only 2% of the transformers failed the test.

The students made up 20%-30% of the population.

When using decimal fractions in text, include the zero before decimal if needed for clarity, otherwise omit it. Do not

include the zero(s) after the last digit following a decimal:

.25

0.8

Ranges With Units

When reporting ranges, there should be no unit after each number unless the units are different:

40–50 mm

50 inches to 7 feet

2 × 5 cm

Math

Some brief guidelines for writing math are explained here.

1) Variables are set italic; vectors are usually boldface italic.

2) Remove commas around variables in text.

3) Always add a zero before decimals, but do not add after (e.g., 0.25).

4) Check the use of the parentheses and brackets i.e., [0,1).

5) Spell out units used in text without quantities (e.g., “where the noise is given in decibels”). For units

appearing with quantities, use the standard abbreviations listed in the Table of Units and Quantity Symbols in

the Appendix, and units used as compound adjectives may be hyphenated only if needed for clarity: 10-kV

voltage, 5-in-thick glass. Do not insert a hyphen when they are not used as adjectives: a current of 2 A, a line

4 in long, a length of 3.05 mm.

6) Always use a regular space and not a thin space between numbers and units in text.

7) Use thin spaces instead of commas between numbers in tens or hundreds of thousands (e.g., 62 000, 100 000,

but 4000).

8) Always make sure µ is µm, “micron” is “micrometer,” “submicron” is submicrometer.” Always change cycle

per second to hertz (Hz); cycle per second may not appear as cycle, cps, c/s, csec.

9) In text, fractions may be broken down (shilled) multiline (built-up) so they can be placed on one line.

Sometimes parentheses may need to be added to distinguish between expressions, especially when a minus

appears [e.g., becomes ], becomes [(c-d)/(k+4)]. This may be done to save space, but

is not a necessity.

10) In exponential expressions [e.g., ], there are sometimes long and complicated superscripts. These

may be brought down in line with the substitution of “exp” for “e” and the addition of square brackets (e.g.,

exp[–(jwt)xyzk]).

11) Distinguish between lowercase italic “ell” or “oh” versus one and zero.

12) Always use numerals for numbers written with units. Otherwise, spell out numbers below 11, and use

numerals for others unless they begin a sentence or are combined in a phrase (gives 7 to 13 times more).

13) Use zeroth, first, nth, (k + 1)th, not 1st, 2nd, (k + 1)st, etc.

IEEE EDITORIAL STYLE MANUAL FOR AUTHORS

14) Use the word “Equation” at the start of a sentence, but in text, just use the number [e.g., in (1)].

15) Use the $ symbol versus “dollars” in sums of money.

16) The slash (/) is acceptable in place of the word “per” when it lends to the clarity of the sentence. For

example: “the ratio of 16 samples/s to 35 samples/s as compared to …”

Ellipses: In mathematics, you may use dots (ellipses) to show continuation in an expression (e.g., x

, ..., x

). The

type of mathematical expression will determine whether the ellipses points are set on the baseline or centered. If

commas or operational signs are present, they are placed after each term and after the three ellipses points. If

operational signs are used, the ellipses are centered on the operator. When commas are used, the ellipses are on the

baseline. Example:

, x

, …, x

not x

, x

2 …

+ x

+ … + x

not x

+ x

+ … x

y = 0, 1, 2, … not y = 0, 1, 2 …

… a

not x

… a

Conditions: In displayed equations, a comma or parentheses and a two-em space is inserted between the main

expression and the condition following it. Example:

NOTE: There is no comma before a for all “ ” symbol.

Compound Units: Compound units should be separated by a center dot (e.g., 4 V · s), but a slash may be used

since this has a different meaning (for instance, 6 V/s means volts per second). It is also possible to use a negative

power to put a unit in the denominator: cm/s

= cm · s

–2

. Parentheses may be used to clarify a unit: g/(cm · s) or g ·

–1

· s

–1

Use of Periods and Commas: Equations which conclude a sentence should end with a period. The only time

punctuation is used to lead into an equation is when the lead-in text is a complete sentence. Example:

where we had the following:

x = Y + Z.

or where, i.e.,

x = Y + Z.

Commas appearing at the ends of equations are deleted unless they are critical to the punctuation of the sentence

containing the equation.

Equation Numbers

Equation numbering should be consecutive, should appear flush right on line with the last line of an equation,

should not have repeats or missing numbers, and should use a correct numbering style.

Displayed Equations

Material in displayed equations is automatically italic unless you indicate otherwise. Some simple general rules

apply. All variables are italic. Function names and abbreviations are Roman, as are units, unit abbreviations,

complete words, and abbreviations of words. Superscripts and subscripts follow this same formula: when they are

variables, they are italic; when they are abbreviations of words (such as “in” and “out” for input and output), they

are Roman. Single-letter superscripts and subscripts may be italic even if they are abbreviations, unless this leads to

inconsistency between italic and Roman characters for similar types of subscripts.

F. General Layout Rules

1) Figures and tables are placed at the tops of columns as close to their first mention as possible, but preferably

after the mention.

IEEE EDITORIAL STYLE MANUAL

2) Figures and tables progress vertically, not horizontally, on pages.

3) Footnotes must appear at the bottom of the column where they are first mentioned.

IEEE EDITORIAL STYLE MANUAL FOR AUTHORS

III. GRAMMAR AND USAGE IN TRANSACTIONS

A. Rules of Grammar

The principles of style below focus on fundamentals of modern usage. Particular emphasis is given to the rules

most commonly violated.

1) Form the possessive singular of nouns by adding “s” (Avogadro’s theorem). Follow this rule unless the

final consonant is an s (Burns’ theorem). Possessive pronouns (hers, its, yours, theirs, ours) have no

apostrophe. Indefinite pronouns use the apostrophe to show possession (someone’s rule). Contractions use an

apostrophe (it’s for …; it is). Possessives do not (its losses).

2) In a series of three or more terms, use a comma immediately before the coordinating conjunction

(usually and, or, or nor).

3) Enclose parenthetic expressions between commas (Improvement, as shown in Fig. 1, is attained by the

addition of the cogeneration). Brief phrases or single words, such as however, may or may not be parenthetic

(such connectives at the head of a sentence are more commonly left unpunctuated). The commas may be

omitted if the interruption to the flow of the sentence is slight. In this case, never omit one comma and leave

the other. Remember that many seemingly single commas stand for a pair. Clauses or phrases at the beginning

or end of sentences do not look parenthetical, but often they might just as well be placed in the middle, in

which case they would be found punctuated at both ends. At the beginning of a sentence, such an element is

set off by what should be thought of as the second comma in a pair. For instance, note the three possible

positions illustrating a parenthetical element of this kind: However the sum may later change, it is calculated

now/The sum is calculated now, however it may later change/The sum, however it may later change, is

calculated now. In all three examples, the meaning remains constant; the single commas of the first and

second sentences have the same parenthetical function as the paired commas of the third.

Parenthetic material such as dates take the comma(s) as follows: 14 February 1996 or April to June 1996 or

Saturday, 9 March 1996.

The abbreviations etc., i.e., and e.g., are parenthetic and use the comma as follows: cables, transformers, etc.,

are needed. Abbreviations for academic degrees, titles following a name, and certain restrictive terms of

identification should be punctuated as follows:

Robert D. Lorenz, Ph.D.

Ian T. Wallace, Member, requests that…

E. A. Brockmann Jr. states that…

Restrictive clauses are not parenthetic and are not set off by commas: The proof that (or which) (restrictive

clause should be “that” while nonrestrictive is “which”; “who” can be restrictive or nonrestrictive,

depending on how it is used) is given in this section is not complete.

Nonrestrictive clauses are parenthetic and are set off by commas: The address i, which is the starting address of

the message, is then transferred to a queue list on the processing part …

The nonrestrictive clause always takes “which” and is surrounded by commas. The restrictive clause can take

“that” or “which”; “that” is preferred.

4) A semicolon is used to link two independent clauses with no connecting words. You can also use a

semicolon to join two independent clauses together with one of the following conjunctive adverbs:

however, moreover, therefore, consequently, otherwise, nevertheless, thus, etc.

5) Use a colon after an independent clause to introduce a list.

6) Punctuation always goes inside quotation marks, except for the colon and semicolon. Use single

quotation marks around quotes within quotes. Quotes may be used around a new or special usage of a term

the first time only, but use of quotes in this manner should be kept to a minimum.

7) Direct quotes should be set in quotation marks in roman font. Text should not be in italics.

8) Do not use double parentheses in text expressions, but keep them in math. For example, (see (10)) should

become [see (10)].

9) All acronyms and numerical plurals do not use apostrophes, i.e., FETs, 1980s (Note: Some exceptions

may apply in mathematical writing.)

10) Compound nouns made from a one-syllable verb and a short adverb are one word when found that

way in the dictionary (setup, takeoff, breakup). Compound nouns are likely to be two words, without a

hyphen, or one word (bandwidth, bypass, flowchart, phase shift, sideband, standing wave). Compound nouns

of more than two words can be hyphenated.

IEEE EDITORIAL STYLE MANUAL

11) A pair of words, modifying a third word separately, does not get a hyphen (a tall water tower, a hot metal

cylinder). If the first word modifies the second, and the pair together modify the third, there is a hyphen

between the pair (a highfrequency signal, a secondorder equation). The exception to this is the adverb ending

in “ly,” which needs no hyphen to join it to the next word.

12) A hyphen is not used after the comparative or the superlative (a higher order equation, a worst case value,

nearest neighbor method). Do not hyphenate chemical compounds (sodium chloride crystals). Alloys and

mixtures take the en dash (Ni–Co, He–Ne laser).

13) Do not use commas between adjectives (a planar equiangular spiral antenna).

14) Do not hyphenate predicate adjectives (… is well known, …is second order).

15) If you are unsure, check The Merriam-Webster Dictionary to see if words are hyphenated.

16) Compound verbs are generally hyphenated (arc-weld, freeze-dry). Keep the hyphen when using the

participles of such verbs as adjectives (freezedried, arcwelded). However, verbs with up, out, down, off, on,

etc., do not have a hyphen, although the nouns formed from them may be hyphenated or one word (verb: set

up, break down, read out; noun: setup, breakdown, readout).

Words Often Confused

Affect: to change or modify (verb).

Effect: result (noun); cause (verb).

Alternate: a substitute.

Alternative: a matter of choice.

Among: involves more than two things.

Between: involves more than two things, but considers each individually.

Compare to: point out resemblances between different objects.

Compare with: point out similarities and differences between same objects.

Compose: to make up or form: a set composed of members.

Comprise: to be made up of; to be formed by: a set comprising members; members comprising a set.

Farther: distance.

Further: quantity.

Fewer: modifies plural nouns specifying countable units, e.g., fewer tubes.

Less: modifies singular mass nouns and singular abstract nouns, e.g., less air.

Imply: something suggested though not expressed.

Infer: something deduced from evidence.

Number: used when objects can be counted: a large number of people.

Amount: used when objects cannot be counted: a large amount of water.

Principal: chief, main, most important (adjective).

Principle: a rule (noun).

Precede: come before.

Proceed: continue, advance.

That: (defining, restrictive).

Which: (nondefining, nonrestrictive)

IEEE EDITORIAL STYLE MANUAL FOR AUTHORS

IV. APPENDIX

A. Some Common Acronyms and Abbreviations

NOTE: Asterisks (*) indicate terms which must be defined the first time they are used in text. Other terms

listed here may be used without definition.

1-D

one-dimensional

2-D

two-dimensional

3-D

three-dimensional

4-D

four-dimensional

alternating current

A–D, A/D

analog-to-digital

audio frequency*

AFC

automatic frequency control*

AGC

automatic gain control*

amplitude modulation

APD

avalanche photodiode

antireflection*

ARMA

autoregressive moving average*

ASIC

application-specified integrated circuit*

ASK

amplitude shift keying

ATM

asynchronous transfer mode

average (subscript)*

avg

average (function)

AWGN

additive white Gaussian noise*

B–E

base–emitter source

BER

bit error rate*

BPSK

binary phase-shift keying

BWO

backward-wave oscillator*

c.c.

complex conjugate (in equations)

CCD

charge-coupled device*

CDMA

code division multiple access*

CD-ROM

compact disk read-only memory

CIM

computer integrated manufacturing*

CIR

carrier-to-interference ratio*

CMOS

complimentary metal–oxide–semiconductor

CPFSK

continuous phase frequency-shift keying*

CPM

continuous phase modulation*

CPSK

continuous phase-shift keying*

CPU

central processing unit

CRT

cathode-ray tube

current transformer*

capacitance–voltage

continuous wave*

direct current

directional coupler

IEEE EDITORIAL STYLE MANUAL

direction finder*; deuterium fluoride; degree of

freedom*

DFT

discrete Fourier transform*

DMA

direct memory access*

DPCM

differential pulse code modulation*

DPSK

differential phase-shift keying*

EDP

electronic data processing

EHF

extremely high frequency*

ELF

extremely low frequency*

EMC

electromagnetic compatibility*

EMF

electromotive force*

EMI

electromagnetic interference*

ems

expected value of mean square*

FDM

frequency division multiplexing*

FDMA

frequency division multiple access*

FET

field-effect transistor

FFT

fast Fourier transform*

FIR

finite-impulse response*

frequency modulation

FSK

frequency-shift keying*

FTP

file transfer protocol

FWHM

full-width at half-maximum*

GUI

graphical user interface

HBT

heterojunction bipolar transistor

HEMT

high-electron mobility transistor

high frequency

HTML

hypertext markup language

high voltage

HVdc

high voltage direct current

impedance compensation*; integrated circuit

inside diameter; induced draft*; interdigital*

IDP

integrated data processing*

intermediate frequency

IGFET

insulated-gate field-effect transistor

i.i.d.

independent identically distributed*

intermediate modulation

IMPATT

impact ionization avalanche transit time (diode)

I/O, I–O

input–output

infrared

current-resistance

ISI

intersymbol interference

I–V

current–voltage

JFET

junction field-effect transistor

JPEG

Joint Photographers Expert Group

LAN

local area network

inductance–capacitance

LED

light-emitting diode

IEEE EDITORIAL STYLE MANUAL FOR AUTHORS

LHS

left-hand side*

L–I

light output–current

LMS

least mean square

local oscillator*

linear programming*

LPE

liquid phase epitaxy*

inductance–resistance

MESFET

metal–semiconductor field-effect transistor

medium frequency*

MFSK

minimum frequency-shift keying

MHD

magnetohydrodynamics

MIS

metal–insulator–semiconductor

MLE

maximum-likelihood estimator*

MLSE

maximum-likelihood sequence estimator*

MMF

magnetomotive force

MMIC

monolithic microwave integrated circuit*

MoM

method of moments*

MOS

metal–oxide–semiconductor

MOSFET

metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor

MOST

metal–oxide–semiconductor transistor

MPEG

Motion Pictures Expert Group

numerical aperture*

NIR

near infrared response*

NMR

nuclear magnetic resonance*

n-p-n

(diode)

NRZ

nonreturn to zero*

outside diameter

OEIC

optoelectronic integrated circuit*

OOP

object-oriented programming

PAM

pulse-amplitude modulation*

personal computer

PCM

pulse-code modulation*

pdf

probability density function*

PDM

pulse-duration modulation*

power factor*

PID

Proportional-integral differential

p-i-n,

p-n-p

(diode)

PLL

phase-locked loop*

phase modulation*

PML

perfectly matched layer

pp, p–p

peak-to-peak*

PPM

pulse-position modulation*

PRF

pulse-repetition frequency*

PRR

pulse-repetition rate*

PSK

phase-shift keying*

PTM

pulse–time modulation

p.u.

per unit*

PWM

pulse width modulation*

IEEE EDITORIAL STYLE MANUAL

quality factor; figure of merit

QoS

quality of service

QPSK

quaternary phase-shift keying

RAM

random access memory

resistance–capacitance

R&D

research and development

radio frequency

RFI

radio frequency interference*

RHS

right-hand side*

RIN

relative intensity noise*

resistance–inductance

rms

root mean square

ROM

read-only memory

random variable

SAW

surface acoustic wave*

SGML

standard generalized markup language

SHF

super high frequency*

International System of Units; severity index*

SIR

signal-to-interference ratio

S/N, SNR

signal-to-noise ratio

SOC

system-on-a-chip*

SSB

single sideband*

short wave*

SWR

standing-wave ratio*

TDM

time-division modulation*; time-division multiplexing*

TDMA

time-division multiple access*

transverse electric

TEM

transverse electromagnetic

TFT

thin-film transistor*

transverse magnetic

TVI

television interference*

TWA

traveling-wave amplifier*

UHF

ultrahigh frequency

Ultraviolet

VCO

voltage-controlled oscillator*

VHF

very high frequency*

V–I

voltage–current

VLF

very low frequency*

VLSI

very large scale integration*

WAN

wide area network

WDM

wavelength division multiplexing*

IEEE EDITORIAL STYLE MANUAL FOR AUTHORS

B. Common Hyphenations and Misspellings

a posteriori

a priori

Abelian

accommodate

acknowledgment

acoustoelectric

acoustooptical

ad hoc

ad hoc networks

adder

aerospace

aftereffect

airborne

all-pass (adj)

Alnico

alphameric

alphanumeric

analog (not analogue)

appendixes

arc-back (n, adj)

arc-over (n, adj)

axle

back EMF

back-end (adj)

backscatter

band-limited (adj)

bandpass

band-shared (adj)

bandwidth

bang-bang

base–emitter [en dash]

base–collector [en dash]

baseband

baseline

Bayes’ rule

beamwidth

Bernoulli polynomial

Bessel function

bimetallic

biomedical

blackbody

Boltzmann’s constant

Boolean algebra

broadband

bulk–source [en dash]

bus (not buss)

bypass

C-band

Cartesian

Cascade

cascode

Cauchy’s inequality

Chebyshev

(not Tchebbycheff)

chi-square

Clebsch–Gordan coefficient

coauthor (also, coworker)

coax (coaxial)

collinear (not colinear)

continuous-time (adj)

coset

costate

Coulomb wave function

counterclockwise

counterexample

coworker

coupled-mode (adj)

cross correlation

crossover

cross section

cross-sectional (adj)

crosstalk

cutoff

cybersecurity

database

deadtime (or dead time)

debug, debugged

Debye temperature

Dewar

diagramed

dielectric

diesel

digamma function

Dirac

discretization

discusser

Doppler

drain–source [en dash]

dropout

dyadic

eccentricity

eigenfunction

eigenvalue

eigenvector

elastance

elastooptical

electrooptic

elliptical coordinates

elliptic integrals

emitter–bulk [en dash]

end-effector

endfire

endpoint

et al.

Euler function

exponentiate

fan-in

fan-out

far-field (adj)

fast Fourier transform

feedback

feedback-free (adj)

first-order (adj)

flat-band

flip-flop

flowchart

flowmeter

flowthrough

fold (twofold, n-fold)

foreword

formulas (not formulae)

forward scatter

4-vector

front-end (adj)

Fresnel

gate–source [en dash]

gate–drain [en dash]

gauge (not gage)

Gaussian distribution

Gegenbauer

IEEE EDITORIAL STYLE MANUAL

gimbaled

gradient

(the) Green’s function

Gudermannian

half-angle

half-plane

half-space

half-wave

halfway

Hankel function

Heaviside

Hermite

Hermitian

Hertzian

higher order (adj)

high-order (adj)

high-pass (adj)

hookup

hydroelectric

iff (if and only if)

imbalance (n)

inasmuch as

indexes (plural of index)

indices (plural used in math)

infrared

inhomogeneous

input, inputted

input–output [en dash]

in situ

insofar as

in vitro

in vivo

integer

integral

integrand

integrator

integro-differential

Internet

Itô

Jacobian

Jacobi’s polynomials

Ka-band

Kronecker delta

L-band

Lagrange

Lagrangian

Laguerre polynomial

Lame’s transform

Laplace transform

Laplacian

Laurent series

left-hand side

leftmost

Legendre

Leibnitz (or Leibniz)

leveled

lightweight

like (suffix, close up)

line shape

lineup

linewidth

lockout

log-likelihood (adj)

lookup table

loudspeaker

lower order (adj)

low-order (adj)

low-pass (adj)

Lur’e

Lurie

Lyapunov (not Liapunov)

macro (noun)

magnetohydrodynamics

magnetooptic

main lobe

makeup

manhole

man-hour

man-made

manpower

Markov process

m-ary

Mathieu’s equation

matrices

mean-square

mid (prefix) close up

midband

midline

midplane

midpoint

miniscule

missile

modem

modulo (mod)

modulus

monotonic

monotonically

monotonicity

Mossbauer

m-sequence (noun)

multi (prefix) usually one

word

multithreshold

Mylar

narrowband (adj)

n-ary

nearby

near-field (adj)

neoprene

Neumann

n-junction

n-layer

non (prefix) one word

non-Euclidean

non-Gaussian

non-Hermitian

nonnegative

non-Stokes’

nonzero

NP-hard

nth-order (adj)

n-tuple

n-type

n-well

ohmmeter

one-dimensional (adj)

ORed, ORing

ON-OFF

output, outputted

overall (adj)

parameterization

particle

passband

percent

Permalloy

Perspex

phaselength

phase shift

IEEE EDITORIAL STYLE MANUAL FOR AUTHORS

phasewidth

photoelectric

photoetch

photoresist

pickup

piecewise linear

piezoelectricity

p-i-n

pinchoff

p-junction

Planck’s constant

p-n junction

p-n-p (not PNP)

p^+-n-p^++

Poisson distribution

positive definite

postmultiplication

pothead

potline

powerhouse

power plant

preceding

premultiplication

printout

proceeding

programmed

proof (suffix) one word

propagation

pseudo (prefix) one word

pseudorandom

p-type

pull-in

pull-out

pulselength

pulse shape

pulsewidth

punchthrough

p-well

quadratic

quarter-wave

quartic

quasi- (prefix) hyphen

quaternary

Q value

radioactive

radio-astronomic

radio astronomy

radio frequency

random access (adj)

readback

READ head

readin (noun)

readout (noun)

real-valued (adj)

reentry

reexamine

Riccati

Riemann

right-hand side

rise time

root-mean-square (adj)

roundoff (adj)

Runge–Kutta

saddle point

scalar (magnitude)

scaler (machine)

scalor (rare)

self- (prefix) hyphen

self-adjoint

semi (prefix) usually one

word

semi-infinite

servo (servomechanism)

servo amplifier

-shaped (hyphen)

sideband

sidelobe

signaling

slip ring

slow wave

so-called

solid-state (adj)

space-time

special-purpose (adj)

spirule

state of the art (noun)

state-variable (adj)

step-down

step-up

Stirling numbers

Stokes’

stopband

straightforward

strain gauge

Struve’s function

Sturm–Liouville [en dash]

suboptimum

subproblem

succeeding

successive

summable, asummable

supercoding

supermartingale

supersede

switchgear

switchyard

table lookup

takeoff

Taylor expansion

Tchebbyscheff

(use Chebyshev)

Teflon

Teletype

teletypewriter

tensor

thin-film (adj)

threefold

3-space

throughput

time dependence

time-varying (adj)

tradeoff

traveling

two-port (or 2-port)

two’s complement

-type (hyphen)

ultrahigh frequency

ultrasonic

ultraviolet

unbalance (verb)

Van de Graaf

van der Waals

vector

versus

vertical

vertices

watthour meter

wattmeter

waveband

waveform

IEEE EDITORIAL STYLE MANUAL

wavefront

wave function

waveguide

wavelength

wavenumber

wave shape

wave vector

wideband

wide-sense (adj)

widespread

wise (suffix) one word

worldwide

worst case (adj)

WRITE head

x-axis

X-band

x-direction

X-ray (adj)

xy plane

Yagi

Zener diode

zero-input (adj)

zero-sum (adj)

zeroth-order (adj)

z transform

C. Table of Units and Quantity Symbols

NOTE: Asterisks (*) indicate SI units, preferred multiples of SI units, or other units acceptable for use

with SI.

Unit

Symbol

Sometimes

Occur as:

(do not use)

Applications and Notes

Quantity

Symbol

(for use as

variables,

etc.)

*ampere

amp, a

SI unit of electric current.

ampere-hour

amp-hr

Also A · h.

*ampere (turn)

SI unit of magnetomotive force.

*ampere per meter

A/m

SI unit of magnetic field

strength.

ångström

Å Δ 10

-10

Deprecated (see ANSI/IEEE

Std 268-1992).

atmosphere, standard

atm

atm Δ 101 325 Pa.

Deprecated (see ANSI/IEEE

Std 268-1992).

atmosphere, technical

at Δ kgf/cm

Deprecated (see ANSI/IEEE Std 268-1992).

*atomic mass unit (unified)

The (unified) atomic mass unit is defined as

one-twelfth of the mass of an atom of the

carbon-12 nuclide. Use of the old atomic mass

unit (amu), defined by reference to oxygen, is

deprecated.

*atto

SI prefix for 10

-18

*attoampere

bar

b, barye

bar Δ 100 kPa. Use of the bar is strongly

discouraged (see ANSI/IEEE Std 268-1992).

Except for limited use in meteorology.

IEEE EDITORIAL STYLE MANUAL FOR AUTHORS

barn

b Δ 10

-28

barrel

bbl

bbl = 42 gal

= 158.99 L.

This is the standard barrel used for petroleum

and petroleum products. Different standard

barrels are used for other commodities.

barrel per day

bbl/d

baud

(w/prefix)

In telecommunications, a unit of signaling

speed equal to one element per second. The

signaling speed in bauds is equal to the

reciprocal of the signal element length in

seconds.

1/τ

bel

*becquerel

SI unit of activity of a radionuclide.

billion electronvolts

GeV

bev, BeV

The name gigaelectronvolt is preferred for this

unit.

bit

In information theory, the bit is a unit of

information content equal to the information

content of a message, the a priori probability

of which is one-half. In computer science, the

name bit is used as a short form of binary digit.

bit per second

b/s

British thermal unit

Btu

byte

A byte is a string of bits, usually eight bits

long, operated on as a unit. A byte is capable of

holding one character set.

calorie (International Table)

cal

Δ cal

4.1868 J. Deprecated (see ANSI/IEEE

Std 268-1992).

calorie (thermochemical)

cal

Δ cal 4.1840 J. Deprecated (see ANSI/IEEE

Std 268-1992).

*candela

SI unit of luminous intensity.

candela per square inch

cd/in

Use of the SI unit cd/m

is preferred.

*candela per square meter

cd/m

nit

SI unit of luminance.

candle

The unit of luminous intensity has been given

the name candela. Use of the name candle for

this unit is deprecated.

*centi

c (prefix)

SI prefix for 10

-2

*centimeter

centipoise

cP Δ mPa · s. The name centipoise is

deprecated (see ANSI/IEEE Std 268-1992).

centistokes

cSt

cSt Δ mm

/s. The name centistokes is

deprecated (see ANSI/IEEE Std 268-1992).

*circular mil

cmil

cmil Δ (π/4) · 10

-6

*coulomb

SI unit of electric charge.

*cubic centimeter

Volume. (Preferred SI unit multiple.)

cubic foot

cubic foot per minute

/min

cfm

cubic foot per second

cubic inch

*cubic meter

*cubic meter per second

IEEE EDITORIAL STYLE MANUAL

cubic yard

curie

Ci Δ 3.7 x10

Bq. A unit of activity of a

radionuclide. Use of the SI unit, the becquerel,

is preferred.

cycle per second

c/s, cps, c/sec,

cycle

See hertz.

darcy

D Δ cP·(cm/s)·(cm/atm) = 0.986923 µm

. A

unit of permeability of a porous medium. By

traditional definition, a permeability of one

darcy will permit a flow of 1 cm

/s of fluid of

1 cP viscosity through an area of 1 cm

under a

pressure gradient of 1 atm/cm. Deprecated (see

ANSI/IEEE Std 268-1992).

day

day Δ 24 h.

deci

d (prefix)

SI prefix for 10

-1

decibel

db, DB

degree (plane angle)

···°

deg

degree (temperature)

degree Celsius

°C

degree

centigrade

SI unit of Celsius temperature. The degree

Celsius is a special name for the kelvin, used in

expressing Celsius temperatures or temperature

intervals.

degree Fahrenheit

°F

Note that the symbols for °C, °F, and °R are

comprised of two elements, written with no

space between the ° and the letter that follows.

The two elements that make the complete

symbol are not to be separated.

degree kelvin

See kelvin.

degree Rankine

°R

deka

SI prefix for 10.

dyne

dyn

dyne

dyn Δ 10

-5

N. Deprecated (see ANSI/IEEE Std

268-1992).

*electronvolt

erg

erg Δ 10

-7

J. Deprecated (see ANSI/IEEE Std

268-1992).

exa

SI prefix for 10

exbi

Prefix for 2

*farad

f, fd

SI unit of capacitance.

*femto

SI prefix for 10

-15

femtometer

foot

ft Δ 0.3048 m.

foot of water

ftH

O = 2989.1 Pa. (ISO).

foot per minute

ft/min

fpm

foot per second

ft/s

fps, ft/sec

foot per second squared

ft/s

foot pound-force

ft · lbf

footcandle

fc Δ lm/ft

. The name lumen per square foot is

also used for this unit. Use of the SI unit of

illuminance, the lux (lumen) per square meter,

is preferred.

IEEE EDITORIAL STYLE MANUAL FOR AUTHORS

footlambert

fL Δ (1/π) cd/ft

. A unit of luminance. One

lumen per square foot leaves a surface whose

luminance is one footlambert in all directions

within a hemisphere. Use of the SI unit, the

candela per square meter, is preferred.

gal

Gal

Gal Δ cm/s. Deprecated (see ANSI/IEEE Std

268-1992).

gallon

gal

1 gal

= 4.5461 L.

1 gal

Δ 231 in

= 3.7854 L.

gauss

The gauss is the electromagnetic CGS unit of

magnetic flux density. Deprecated (see

ANSI/IEEE Std. 268-1992).

gibi

Prefix for 2

*giga

SI prefix for 10

gigabyte

GB Δ 10

*gigaelectronvolt

GeV

bev, BeV

*gigahertz

GHz

kMHz, KMC,

Gc/s

The term “(ISO)” means that the definition is

from ISO 31.

gilbert

The gilbert is the electromagnetic CGS unit of

magnetomotive force. Deprecated (see

ANSI/IEEE Std 268-1992).

grain

gr Δ lb/7000.

*gram

gram per cubic centimeter

g/cm

*gray

SI unit of absorbed dose in the field of

radiation dosimetry.

*hecto

SI prefix for 10

*henry

Hy, hy

SI unit of inductance.

P, P

*hertz

cps, c/s, cycle

SI unit of frequency.

f , ν

horsepower

hp Δ 550 ft · lbf/s = 746 W. The horsepower is

an anachronism in science and technology. Use

of the SI unit of power, the watt, is preferred.

*hour

inch

in.

in Δ 2.54 cm.

inch of mercury

inHg

inHg = 3386.4 Pa (ISO).

inch of water

inH

O = 249.09 Pa (ISO).

inch per second

in/s

ips

*joule

SI unit of energy,

work,

and quantity of heat.

*joule per kelvin

J/K

SI unit of heat capacity and of entropy.

kelvin

In 1967, the CPGM gave the name kelvin to the

SI unit of temperature, which had formerly

been called degree kelvin, and assigned it the

symbol K (without the symbol °).

kibi

Prefix for 2

IEEE EDITORIAL STYLE MANUAL

*kilo

SI prefix for 10

. The symbol k shall not be

used for kilo. The prefix kilo shall not be used

to mean 2

(that is, 1024).

*kilobit per second

kb/s

*kilobyte

kB Δ 1000 bytes.

kilogauss

Deprecated (see ANSI/IEEE Std 268-1992).

*kilogram

SI unit of mass.

kilogram-force

kgf

Deprecated (see ANSI/IEEE Std 268-1992). In

some countries the name kilopond (kp) has

been used for this unit.

*kilohertz

kHz

*kilohm

kΩ

*kilometer

*kilometer per hour

km/h

kilopound-force

klbf

Kilopound-force should not be misinterpreted

as kilopond (see kilogram-force).

*kilovar

kvar

*kilovolt

*kilovoltampere

kVA

KVA, kva

*kilowatt

kilowatthour

kWh

Also kW·h.

knot

kn Δ nmi/h. 0.514 m/s.

lambert

L Δ (1/π)cd/cm

. A CGS unit of luminance.

One lumen per square centimeter leaves a

surface whose luminance is one lambert in all

directions within a hemisphere. Deprecated

(see ANSI/IEEE Std 268-1992).

*liter

L Δ 10

-3

. In 1979, the CGPM approved L

and l as alternative symbols for the liter.

Because of frequent confusion with the

numeral 1, the letter symbol l is not

recommended for U.S. use (see Federal

no. 245, p. 52242). The script l shall not be

used as a symbol for liter.

V, v

liter per second

L/s

*lumen

SI unit of luminous flux.

lumen per square foot

lm/ft

A unit of illuminance and also a unit of

luminous exitance. Use of the SI unit, lumen

per square meter, is preferred.

*lumen per square meter

lm/m

SI unit of luminous exitance.

*lumen per watt

lm/W

SI unit of luminous efficacy.

K(λ)

K, K

*lumen second

lm·s

SI unit of quantity of light.

*lux

1x/lm Δ /m

. SI unit of illuminance.

maxwell

The maxwell is the electromagnetic CGS unit

of magnetic flux. Deprecated (see ANSI/IEEE

Std 268-1992).

mebi

Prefix for 2

*mega

SI prefix for 10

. The prefix mega shall not be

used to mean 2

(that is, 1 048 576).

IEEE EDITORIAL STYLE MANUAL FOR AUTHORS

megabit per second

Mb/s

*megabyte

MB Δ 1 000 000 bytes.

*megaelectronvolt

MeV

*megahertz

MHz

*megohm

MΩ

*meter

SI unit of length.

metric ton

t Δ 1000 kg. Use of the name tonne is

deprecated in the U.S. (see ANSI/IEEE Std

268-1992).

mho

-1

. The name mho was formerly given to the

reciprocal ohm. Deprecated; see siemens (S).

*micro

SI prefix for 10

-6

*microampere

µA

*microfarad

µF

*microgram

µg

*microhenry

µH

microinch

µin

*microliter

µL

See note for liter.

*micrometer

µm

micron

µm

The name micron is deprecated.

Use micrometer.

*microsecond

µs

*microwatt

µW

mil

mil Δ 0.001 in.

mile (statute)

mi Δ 5280 ft = 1609 m.

mile per hour

mi/h

mph

Although use of mph as an abbreviation is

common, it should not be used as a symbol.

*milli

SI prefix for 10

-3

*milliampere

millibar

mbar

Use of the bar is strongly discouraged in

ANSI/IEEE Std 268-1992, except for limited

use in meteorology.

*milligram

*millihenry

*milliliter

See liter.

*millimeter

millimeter of mercury

mmHg

mmHg = 133.322 Pa. Deprecated (see

ANSI/IEEE Std 268-1992).

millimicron

Use of the name millimicron for the nanometer

is deprecated.

*millipascal second

mPa · s

SI unit-multiple of dynamic viscosity.

*millisecond

*millivolt

*milliwatt

*minute (plane angle)

′

*minute (time)

min

Time may also be designated by means of

superscripts as in the following example:

IEEE EDITORIAL STYLE MANUAL

*mole

mol

SI unit of amount of substance. The mole is the

amount of substance of a system that contains

as many elementary entities as there are atoms

in 0.012 kg of carbon 12. When the mole is

used, the elementary entities shall be specified

and may be atoms, molecules, ions, electrons,

other particles, or specified groups of such

particles.

month

*nano

SI prefix for 10

-9

*nanoampere

*nanofarad

*nanometer

*nanosecond

nautical mile

nmi

nmi Δ 1852 m.

*neper

*newton

SI unit of force.

*newton meter

N · m

*newton per square meter

N/m

SI unit of pressure or stress. See pascal.

oersted

The oersted is the electromagnetic CGS unit of

magnetic field strength. Deprecated (see

ANSI/IEEE Std 268-1992).

*ohm

SI unit of resistance.

ounce (avoirdupois)

oz Δ 1/16 lb = 28.350 g.

*pascal

Pa Δ N/m

. SI unit of pressure or stress.

*pascal second

Pa · s

SI unit of dynamic viscosity.

pebi

Prefix for 2

*peta

SI prefix for 10

phot

ph Δ lm/cm

. CGS unit of illuminance.

Deprecated (see ANSI/IEEE Std 268-1992).

*pico

SI prefix for 10

-12

*picofarad

*picowatt

pint

pt (U.K.) = 0.568 26 L.

pt (U.S. dry) = 0.550 6 L.

pt (U.S. liquid) = 0.473 18 L.

poise

Deprecated (see ANSI/IEEE Std 268-1992).

pound (avoirdupois)

lb Δ 0.453 592 37 kg.

pound per cubic foot

lb/ft

pound-force

lbf

lbf = 4.4482 N.

pound-force foot

lbf · ft

pound-force per square foot

lbf/ft

pound-force per square inch

lbf/in

psi

Although use of the abbreviation psi is

common, it should not be used as a symbol.

poundal

pdl

pdl Δ lb · ft/s

= 0.1383 N

quart

qt (U.K.) = 1.1365 L.

qt (U.S. dry) = 1.1012 L.

qt (U.S. liquid) = 0.946 35 L.

rad

rd Δ 0.01 Gy. A unit of absorbed dose in the

field of radiation dosimetry. Use of the SI unit,

the gray, is preferred.

IEEE EDITORIAL STYLE MANUAL FOR AUTHORS

*radian

rad

SI unit of plane angle.

rem

rem Δ 0.01 Sv. A unit of dose equivalent in the

field of radiation dosimetry. Use of the SI unit,

the sievert, is preferred. 1 rem = 0.01 Sv.

revolution per minute

r/min

Although use of rpm as an abbreviation is

common, it should not be used as a symbol.

revolution per second

r/s

roentgen

A unit of exposure in the field of radiation

dosimetry.

*second (plane angle)

1'' = 4.848 · 10

-6

rad.

*second (time)

SI unit of time.

*siemens

S Δ Ω

-1

. SI unit of conductance.

*sievert

SI unit of dose equivalent in the field of

radiation dosimetry.

slug

slug Δ lbf · s

/ft = 14.594 kg.

square foot

square inch

*square meter

*square meter per second

SI unit of kinematic viscosity.

*square millimeter per second

SI unit-multiple of kinematic viscosity.

square yard

*steradian

SI unit of solid angle.

stilb

sb Δ cd/cm

. A CGS unit of luminance.

Deprecated (see ANSI/IEEE Std 268-1992).

stokes

Deprecated (see ANSI/IEEE Std 268-1992).

tebi

Prefix for 2

*tera

SI prefix for 10

terabyte

TB Δ 10

*tesla

T Δ N/(A · m)

Δ Wb/m

. SI unit of magnetic

flux density (magnetic induction).

therm

thm

thm Δ 100 000 Btu.

ton (short)

ton

ton Δ 2000 lb.

ton, metric

t Δ 1000 kg. Use of the tonne for this unit is

deprecated in the U.S. (see ANSI/IEEE Std

268-1992).

torr

A unit of pressure equal to 0.001316

atmosphere; named after Torricelli.

*(unified) atomic mass unit

The (unified) atomic mass unit is defined as

one-twelfth of the mass of an atom of the

carbon- 12 nuclide. Use of the old atomic mass

unit (amu), defined by reference to oxygen, is

deprecated.

*var

var

IEC name and symbol for SI unit of reactive

power.

*volt

SI unit of voltage.

*volt per meter

V/m

SI unit of electric field strength.

*voltampere

IEC name and symbol for SI unit of apparent

power.

*watt

SI unit of power.

*watt per meter kelvin

W/(m · K)

SI unit of thermal conductivity.

IEEE EDITORIAL STYLE MANUAL

*watt per steradian

W/sr

SI unit of radiant intensity.

*watt per steradian square

meter

(W/sr · m

)

SI unit of radiance.

watthour

*weber

Wb Δ V·s. SI unit of magnetic flux.

yard

yd Δ 0.9144 m.

year

Also W·h.

yobi

Prefix for 2

yocto

SI prefix for 10

-24

yotta

SI prefix for 10

zebi

Prefix for 2

zepto

SI prefix for 10

-21

zetta

SI prefix for 10

D. Miscellaneous Alphabetical Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Symbols

NOTE: Key: fn—function name (roman); s—symbol (italic); u—unit abbreviation (roman);

*—acronyms that must be defined in text.

(s) Hermitian conjugate of A

(u) angstrom

(prefix) denotes absolute system of (CGS) units. Abampere, abcoulomb, abvolt,

abohm, abfarad, abmho, abhenry (use not recommended, see units list)

abs

absolute

ABS

air-bearing surface

alternating current

ACB

air circuit breaker*

ACSR

steel-reinforced aluminum cable*

attention display*

A–D, A/D

analog-to-digital

ADF

automatic direction finder*

a.e.

almost everywhere (in equations)

AEW

airborne early warning*

audio frequency*

AFB

Air Force Base

AFC

automatic frequency control*

AFM

atomic force microscopy

AGC

automatic gain control*

AGFM

alternating gradient force magnetometer

AGM

arithmetical–geometric mean*

A∙h (u)

ampere hour

Ai (fn)

Airy integral

amplitude modulation

IEEE EDITORIAL STYLE MANUAL FOR AUTHORS

A.M.

ante meridiem (morning)

ama

automatic message accounting*

AND

(small caps) logical AND operation

ANI

automatic number identification

ANN

artificial neural network*

antilog (fn)

antilogarithm

AOGM

accelerated optimum gradient method*

AOPT

air-operated press type*

APD

avalanche photodiode

API

air position indicator*

AQL

acceptable quality level

antireflection*; autoregressive*

arcsin

arccos

arctan

arccot

arcsec

arccsc

(fn) inverse trigonometric functions

arg

(fn) argument

ARMA

autoregressive moving average*

a.s.

almost surely (in equations)

ASE

amplified spontaneous emission*

ASIC

application specified integrated circuit*

ASK

amplitude-shift keying

ASW

antisubmarine warfare* (note: for acoustic surface wave use SAW)

at (u)

technical atmosphere: 1 kgf/cm

At (u)

ampere turn (note: no longer in use; change to A)

ATM

asynchronous transfer mode*

atm (u)

atmosphere

ATR

antitransmit receive*

ATT

avalanche transit time*

average (subscript)

AVC

automatic volume control*

avg (fn)

average (use av as subscript)

AWE

asymptotic wave evaluation*

AWG

American wire gauge

AWGN

additive white Gaussian noise*

bar (u)

bar

barye (u)

barye: microbar (use not recommended; see units list)

bbl (u)

barrel (see units list)

bcc

body-centered cubic (of crystals)

BCD

binary coded decimal

BCH

Bose–Chaudhuri–Hocquenghen (codes)

IEEE EDITORIAL STYLE MANUAL

BCT

bushing current transformer*

Bd (u)

baud* (see units list)

B–E

base–emitter source

Baume

bei, ber (fn)

Kelvin forms of Bessel function

BEM

boundary-element method

BER

bit error rate*

BeV, bev (u)

use GeV

BFO

beat-frequency oscillator*

B–H B–H curve:

curve of magnetic induction (magnetic flux–density) versus magnetic intensity

(field intensity) B–H relationship. B–H loop: hysteresis loop

Bhp

brake horsepower*

Bi (fn)

Airy integral: (u) bit: = 10 A*

BIL

basic impulse insulation level*

BJT

bipolar junction transistor*

BMEP

brake mean effective pressure*

bpi (u)

bit per inch: use b/in

bps (u)

bit per second: use b/s

BPSK

binary phase-shift keying

BRA

biased rectifier amplifier*

breaking strength*

British Standards*

B&S

Brown and Sharpe gauge*

BSF

bulk shielding facility*

BSL

basic switching surge insulation level*

BTU

(u) British thermal unit

BWG

Birmingham wire gauge*

BWK

Brillouin–Wentzel–Kramers (method)*

BWO

backward-wave oscillator*

BWR

boiling water reactor*

C (u)

coulomb

°C (o)

degree Celsius

c (u)

cycle: use Hz; centi- (prefix to unit abbreviation)

c (s)

speed of light in a vacuum

cal (u)

calorie (use not recommended; see units list)

CATV

community antenna television system

cc (u)

cubic centimeter: use cm

c.c.

complex conjugate (in equations)

CCB

coin collecting box (British telephones)*

CCD

charge-coupled device*

CCR

closed-cycle refrigerator*

cd (u)

candela

IEEE EDITORIAL STYLE MANUAL FOR AUTHORS

cdf

cumulative distribution function*

CDMA

code division multiple access*

CDO

community dial offices*

CD-ROM

compact disk read-only memory

cdrx

external critical damping resistance: use caps*

CEMF

counterelectromotive force*

cf.

compare

cfm (u)

cubic feet per minute: use ft

/min

cfs (u)

cubic feet per second: use ft

CGS

centimeter-gram-second (system of units)

Ci (fn)

cosine integral; (u) curie

CIM

computer integrated manufacturing*

CIR

carrier-to-interference ratio*

ckVA

capacitive kilovoltamperes (write out)

cmil (u)

circular mil

CMOS

complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor

CNN

cellular neural network

COP

coefficient of performance*

cos

cosec

cosh

cot

coth

covers

(fn) cosine

(fn) cosecant: use csc

(fn) hyperbolic cosine

(fn) cotangent

(fn) hyperbolic cotangent

(fn) coversine

cP (o)

centipoise (see units list)

CPFSK

continuous phase frequency-shift keying*

CPM

continuous phase modulation*

CPSK

continuous phase-shift keying; coherent phase-shift keying*

CPU

central processing unit

CRO

cathode-ray oscilloscope

CRS

cold-rolled steel*

CRT

cathode-ray tube

c/s (u)

cycle per second: use Hz

csc (fn)

cosecant

csch (fn)

hyperbolic cosecant cs (u) centistokes: use cSt or write out (see units list)

CSP

completely self-protected

cSt (u)

centistokes (see units list)

CSV

corona-starting voltage

current transformer*

CTC

centralized traffic control

ctn (fn)

cotangent: use cot

curl (fn)

curl

capacitance–voltage

CVD

chemical vapor deposited

continuous wave*

IEEE EDITORIAL STYLE MANUAL

design automation

dB (u)

decibel

direct current (DC at start of sentence or in article title)

directional coupler

DDA

digital differential analyzer*

DDD

direct distance dialing*

disruptive effect*

det (fn)

determinant

direction finder*; deuterium fluoride; degree of freedom*

DFB

distributed feedback

DFT

discrete Fourier transform*

diag

(diagonal)

diam

diameter

DIC

Diploma of membership in Imperial College of Science and Technology

div (fn)

divergence; division (u) in charts

DMA

direct memory access*

DME

distance-measuring equipment*

DOD

diameter over dielectric; Department of Defense

DOF

degree of freedom (unit)

dial pulse*

DPCM

differential pulse code modulation*

DPDT

double-pole double-throw switch*

DPH

diamond pool hardness*

DPQSK

differential quadrature phase-shift keying*

DPSK

differential phase-shift keying*

DRCPR

differential reactive current protective relay*

DRO

destructive readout*; doubly resonant oscillator

dielectric strength*; direct sequence*

DSB

double sideband*

DSP

digital signal processor

DVP

differential vapor pressure*

DWT

discrete wavelet transform*

dyn (u)

dyne

emergency bank*

eddy current; electrical conductivity* (grade of Al)

ECG

electrocardiogram

ECL

emitter-coupled logic*

ECM

electronic countermeasures

ECT

eddy current testing

enforced draft

IEEE EDITORIAL STYLE MANUAL FOR AUTHORS

EDFA

erbium-doped fiber amplifiers*

EDP

electronic data processing

EDS

energy dispersive spectrometer

EDX

energy dispersive X-ray

EEG

electroencephalogram

EHD

electrohydrodynamic*

EHF

extremely high frequency*

EHIPS

extra heavy iron pipe size*

EHV

extra high voltage

Ei (fn)

exponential integral

ELF

extremely low frequency*

electromagnetic*

EMC

electromagnetic compatibility*

EMF

electromotive force*

EMI

electromagnetic interference*

ems

expected value of mean square*

EMU

electromagnetic units

EOF

end of file

erf (fn)

error function

erfc (fn)

complementary error function

erg (u)

erg

ERP

effective radiated power*

ESS

electrical sheet steel*

ESU

electrostatic units

eV (u)

electronvolt

EXOR

EXCLUSIVE-OR circuit (small caps)

exp (fn)

exponential function

exsec (fn)

exsecant

f (f-stop, f/22)

ratio of focal length to aperture

F (u)

farad

°F (u)

degree Fahrenheit

forced-air-cooled transformer*

fcc

face-centered cubic (of crystals)

FCC

Federal Communications Commission

flux density*

FDA

finite difference approximations*

FDM

frequency-division multiplexing*

FDMA

frequency-division multiple access*

FDTD

finite-difference time domain*

FEA

finite-element analysis

FET

field-effect transistor

ff.

following pages

IEEE EDITORIAL STYLE MANUAL

FFT

fast Fourier transform*

FIFO

first-in first-out

FIM

field intensity meter*

FIR

finite-impulse response*

fL (u)

footlambert

full load

frequency modulation

FMFB

FM feedback receiver*

FMR

frequency of maximum reliability*; ferromagnetic resonance

FPGA

field-programmable gate array*

fpm, fps (u)

feet per minute: use ft/min; feet per second: use ft/s

full scale

FSK

frequency-shift keying*

FSM

finite-state machine*

ft (u)

foot

FTL

flat tie-line*

FTP

file transfer protocol

full wave

FWHM

full-width at half-maximum*

FWM

four-wave mixing*

giga- (prefix to unit abbreviations) = 10

G (u)

gauss

acceleration of gravity, “gee force”; use as unit with metric prefix, as in 3 mg

G (s)

gravitational constant

Gal (u)

gal (gravitational unit)

gal (u)

gallon

Gb (u)

gilbert

GCA

ground-controlled approach*

gcd

greatest common denominator (may be function name)

GenAI

generative artificial intelligence

GLB

greatest lower bound*

GMD

geometric mean distance*

GMEC

generalized minimum effort control*

GMF

geometric mean frequency

GMR

geometric mean radius

GMT

Greenwich mean time

gpd (u)

gallon per day: use gal/day

GPS

Global Positioning System

GPU

graphical processing unit, General Public Utilities*

grad (fn)

gradient

GSE

ground support equipment*

GTD

geometrical theory of diffraction

IEEE EDITORIAL STYLE MANUAL FOR AUTHORS

GUI

graphical user interface

ground wire

h (s)

Planck’s constant

H (u)

henry

H (s)

magnetic intensity; magnetic field strength

hav, havers (fn)

haversine

HBT

heterojunction bipolar transistor

hcp

hexagonal close-packed (of crystals)

hard-drawn*

HDBC

hard-drawn bare copper*

HDC

hard-drawn copper*

HDD

hard disk drive

HDT

hard-drawn tubing*

HEMT

high-electron mobility transistor

high frequency; hydrogen fluoride

HFET

heterojunction FET

mercury

hipot

high potential (write out)

hp (u)

horsepower

HTC

high-tension cable*

HTML

hypertext markup language

high voltage

HVdc

high voltage direct current

Hz (u)

hertz

I (s) current (fn)

imaginary part of: use Im

IACS

International Annealed Copper Standard*

impedance compensation*; integrated circuit

ICW

interrupted continuous wave*

inside diameter; induced draft*; interdigital*

IDP

integrated data processing*

intermediate frequency

iff

if and only if

IFT

interfacial tension*

IGFET

insulated-gate field-effect transistor

i.i.d.

independent identically distributed*

IIR

infinite-impulse response

ILS

instrument landing system*

Im (fn)

imaginary part of

intermediate modulation

IMPATT

impact ionization avalanche transit time (diode)

IEEE EDITORIAL STYLE MANUAL

INE

irredundant normal equivalent*

inf (fn)

infimum

int (fn)

integer value of

I/O, I–O

input–output

IoT

Internet of Things*

Internet Protocol

ips (u)

inch per second: use in/s

IPS

iron pipe size; international pipe standard*

infrared

current–resistance

ISB

independent sideband*

ISE

integral of squared error*

ISI

intersymbol interference

itae

integral of time-multiplied absolute value of error

ITI

inter-track interference

I–V (s)

current–voltage (characteristic or curve)

IVA

induced voltamperes

current–reactance (drop)

current–impedance

J (u)

joule

JFET

junction field-effect transistor

JPEG

Joint Photographers Expert Group

kilo (prefix to unit abbreviations) = 10

K (u)

Kelvin

Kayser (u)

= cm

-1

(wavenumber)

kbps (u)

kilobits per second: use kb/s

KCL

Kirchhoff’s current law

kcm, KCM (u)

thousand circular mils: use kcmil

kg (u)

kilogram

KGO, KGOe,

KGoe, KgOe (u)

use kO·Oe

kgp (u)

kilogrampois (French): use kg

kG.Oe (u)

kilogauss oersted

kip

thousand pounds

kn (u)

knot (nautical mile per hour)

KOH

potassium hydroxide

kp (u)

kilopound (German): use kg

kt (s)

Boltzmann’s constant × time

KVL

Kirchhoff’s voltage law

kVp (u)

kilovolt peak*

IEEE EDITORIAL STYLE MANUAL FOR AUTHORS

l (u)

liter

L (u)

lambert

LAN

local area network

lb (u)

pound

lbf (u)

pound-force

inductance–capacitance

lcm

least common multiple (may be function name)

LCR

inductance–capacitance–resistance

LCS

load current substation*

LDC

line drop compensator*; load division circulation

LED

light-emitting diode

low-frequency

LHP

left-half plane*

LHS

left-hand side*

Li (fn)

logarithmic integral

lim (fn)

limit

l.i.m. (fn)

limit in the mean

L–L

line to line*

lm (u)

lumen

LMLT

locus of major loop tips*

LMS

least mean square

LMT

local mean time*

ln (fn)

natural logarithm (base e)

L–N

line to neutral*

LNA

low noise amplifier

local oscillator*

log, log

(fn)

logarithm, logarithm base n (where n = 2, 10, etc.)

linear programming*

LPE

liquid phase epitaxy*

inductance–resistance

LRC

load ratio control*

LSB

least significant bit

LSI

large-scale integration*; large-scale integrated*

LST

local standard time

LTC

load tap-changing*

LTE

long-term evolution

LTS

laser-triggered switching*

LUF

lowest usable frequency*

lx (u)

lux

m (u)

meter; milli- (prefix to unit abbreviations) = 10

-3

IEEE EDITORIAL STYLE MANUAL

mega- (prefix to unit abbreviations) = 10

; mole

MAG

maximum available gain

MAP

maximum a posteriori

max (fn)

maximum; also used as subscript

Monte Carlo

mcm, MCM (u)

thousand circular mils: use kcmil

mc/mM (u)

millicuries per millimole: use mCi/mM

MCS

multicircuit substation*

MCT

movable core transformer*

MCW

modulated continuous wave*

MDF

manual direction finder*

MDS

minimum detectable signal

MEMS

micro-electromechanical systems

MESFET

metal–semiconductor field-effect transistor

MEW

microwave early warning*

medium frequency*

MFM

magnetic force microscopy

MFSK

minimum frequency-shift keying

MGO (u)

megagauss oersted: use MG·Oe

MG·Oe (u)

megagauss oersted

MHD

magnetohydrodynamics

mho (u)

mho (also Ω^{-1})

mi (u)

mile

MIM

metal–insulator–metal

MIMO

multi-in multi-out*

mio (fn)

minimum; also used as subscript

MIS

metal–insulator–semiconductor*

MKS

meter–kilogram–second (system of units)

milliliter

MLE

maximum-likelihood estimation*

MLSD

maximum-likelihood sequence detector

MLSE

maximum-likelihood sequence estimator*

MMF

magnetomotive force

mmHg (u)

millimeter of mercury

MMIC

monolithic microwave integrated circuit*

O (u)

millimeter of water

mmse

minimum mean square error

MOCVD

metal–organic chemical vapor deposition*

mod

modulo

MOKE

magnetooptic Kerr effect

MoM

method of moments*

MOS

metal–oxide–semiconductor

MOSFET

MOS field-effect transistor

MOST

MOS transistor

IEEE EDITORIAL STYLE MANUAL FOR AUTHORS

MOVPE

metal–organic vapor phase epitaxy*

MPEG

Moving Pictures Expert Group

MPIE

mixed potential integral equation

MRAM

magnetic random access memory

MRI

magnetic resonance imaging

MSB

most significant bit

mse

mean square error

MSIC

medium scale integrated circuits*

MTBE

mean time between explosions

MTBF

mean time between failures*

MTI

multiple target indicator*; moving target indicator

MTJ

magnetic tunnel junction

MTL

multiconductor transmission line

multiple unit*

MUF

maximum usable frequency*

MVQE

minimum variance quantum estimator

Mx (u)

maxwell

MZI

Mach–Zehnder interferometric*

nano (prefix to unit abbreviations) = 10

-9

N (u)

newton

numerical aperture*

NAND

NOT-AND circuit (small caps)

nat (u)

nat

diode negative-conductance diode*

NDRO

nondestructive readout

NDT

nondestructive testing*

NIC

negative impedance converter*

NIR

near infrared response*

nit (u)

nit

Nkw-hr (u)

net kilowatthour: use net kW·h

no load

nmi (u)

nautical mile

NMR

nuclear magnetic resonance*

NOR

NOT-OR circuit (small caps)

nameplate (rating)

Np (u)

neper

n-p-n

semiconductor forms: Roman, lowercase, hyphens

NRZ

nonreturn to zero*

NTC

negative temperature coefficient*

NWP

network protector

IEEE EDITORIAL STYLE MANUAL

OCB

oil circuit breaker*

OCR

oil circuit recloser*

outside diameter

Oe (u)

oersted

OEIC

optoelectronic integrated circuit*

OFDA

optical-fiber frequency-domain analysis*

OGM

optimum gradient method

OOK

on–off keying

OOP

object-oriented programming*

opt (fn)

optimum: also used as subscript

OR circuit (small caps)

OSM

omni spectra miniature

OTDM

optical time-division multiplexing*

O-wave

ordinary-wave (ionogram)

OZ (u)

ounce

pico- (prefix to unit abbreviations) = 10

-12

P (u)

poise

Pa (u)

pascal

PAE

power-added efficiency

PAM

pulse-amplitude modulation*

PAX

private automatic exchange*

PBX

private branch exchange*

pc (u)

parsec

personal computer

PCM

pulse-code modulation*; pulse-count modulation*

potential difference*

pdf

probability density function*

pdl (u)

poundal (see units list)

PDM

pulse-duration modulation*

(s)

probability of error

PER

probability of error

PES

position error signal

power factor*

ph (fn)

phase

power of hydrogen (acidity or alkalinity of solution)

polarization index

PID

proportional–integral–differential*

PILC

paper-insulated lead-covered*

use p-i-n for diodes, etc.

p-i-n

semiconductor forms: Roman, lowercase, hyphens

PL/1

a programming language

PLC

power line carrier*

IEEE EDITORIAL STYLE MANUAL FOR AUTHORS

PLL

phase-locked loop*

phase modulation*

P.M.

post meridiem (small caps)

PML

perfectly matched layer

PMMA

polymethyl methacrylate*

PMR

perpendicular magnetic recording

p-n-i-p

semiconductor forms: Roman, lowercase, hyphens

p-n-p

semiconductor forms: Roman, lowercase, hyphens

POD

para-operational device*

POW

(u)

picowatts psophometrically weighted at a point of zero relative level*

pp, p-p

peak to peak*

PPI

plan-position indicator*

ppm (u)

parts per million; pulse per minute*

PPM

pulse-position modulation*

pps (u)

pulse per second*

Pr (fn)

probability (appears as Pr x | x = U)

PRA

pulse relaxation amplifier

PRF

pulse-repetition frequency*

PRML

partial response maximum likelihood

Prob.,

x|· use Pr (usually)

PRR

pulse-repetition rate*

PSD

power spectral density

PSF

power separation filter*

psi (u)

pounds per square inch: change to lb/in

unless paper also contains psia and/or

psig

psia (u)

pound-force per square inch absolute (stet)

psig (u)

pound-force per square inch gauge (stet)

PSK

phase-shift keying*

PTM

pulse–time modulation

p.u.

per unit

PVC

polyvinyl chloride*

PWL

piecewise linear

PWM

pulse width modulation*

PWR

pressurized water reactor*

PZT

lead zirconate titanate

quality factor; figure of merit

QAM

quadrature-amplitude modulation*

Q.E.D.

quod erat demonstrandum (end of proof) (set flush right)

QoS

quality of service

quasi-peak*

QPSK

quaternary phase-shift keying

quantum well*

IEEE EDITORIAL STYLE MANUAL

R (u)

roentgen

R (fn)

real part of: use Re

°R (u)

degrees Rankine

rad (u)

radian

RAM

random access memory

circuit transient blocking relay circuit*

resistance–capacitance

RCF

radar cross section*

R&D

research and development

Re (fn)

real part of: use Re (be sure of this meaning before changing)

redox

reduction–oxidation

rem (u)

Roentgen equivalent, man

radio frequency

RFI

radio frequency interference*

RFU

reclosing fuses*

relative humidity*

RHS

right-hand side*

radio interference*

RIFI

radio interference and field intensity*

RIL

radio interference level*

RIN

relative intensity noise*

resistance–inductance

RMI

radiomagnetic indicator*

rms

root-mean-square (error); root mean square

ROM

read-only memory

rpm (u)

revolution per minute: use r/min

rps (u)

revolution per second: use r/s

RSG

recurrent surge generator*

RTD

resistance temperature detectors

random variable

resistance–reactance

s (u)

second

S (u)

siemens

SAR

specific absorption rate

SATT

Strowger Automatic Toll Ticket*

SAW

surface acoustic wave*

switched-capacitor*(adj)

SCA

steel-reinforced aluminum cable*

SCC

signal component control*

scfm

standard cubic feet per minute*

IEEE EDITORIAL STYLE MANUAL FOR AUTHORS

SCL

space-charge limited*

scr

short-circuit ratio*

SCR

silicon-controlled rectifier

sec (fn)

secant; (u) second: use s; second of arc*

sech (fn)

hyperbolic secant

SEM

scanning electron microscope

single frequency*

SGML

standard generalized markup language

sgn (fn)

signum function

SHF s

upper high frequency*

severity index*; Systeme International d’Unites (International System of Units)

Si, si (fn)

sine integral

sin (fn)

sine

sinc (fn)

sinc x = (sin x) / x

sinh (fn)

hyperbolic sine

SINR

signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio*

SIR

signal-to-interference ratio

SISO

single-in, single-out*

SLAR

side looking airborne radar

SLG

single line to ground

SMSA

standard metropolitan statistical area

S/N

signal-to-noise ratio

SNR

signal-to-noise ratio

SoC

system-on-chip*

SPDT

single-pole double-throw (switch)*

SPICE

Simulation Program with Integrated Circuit Emphasis

SPT

single-pole type

sq square:

if on a unit, change to

SQUID

superconducting quantum interference device

sr (u)

steradian

saturable reactor*

subsystems*

SSB

single sideband*

s.t.

subject to

St (u)

stokes

sterad (u)

steradian: use sr

SUL

soft underlayer

SUMT

sequential unconstrained minimization techniques

sup (fn)

supremum

sus

Saybolt universal seconds (oil viscosity)*

sine wave*

short wave*

SWG

standard wire gauge*

SWR

standing-wave ratio*

IEEE EDITORIAL STYLE MANUAL

t (u)

tonne

T (u)

tesla

tan (fn)

tangent

tanh (fn) hyperbolic

tangent

TCUL

tap-changing under load*

TDM

time-division modulation*; time-division multiplexing*

TDMA

time-division multiple access*

transverse electric (appears as TE

and TE

)

TEFC

totally enclosed fan-cooled*

Telex

teleprinter exchange*

TEM

transverse electromagnetic

TFT

thin-film transistor*

tg (fn)

tangent: use tan

th (u)

thermie

TIF

telephone influence factor*

TLM

transmission-line matrix

transverse magnetic

tof

thermal ohms per foot (spell out)

torr (u)

torr

tpc (u)

turns per centimeter: turns/cm

TPC

turns per coil*

tr (fn)

trace

transpose

TSS

time sharing system

TTL

transistor–transistor logic

TTY

teleprinter

traffic units*

TVI

television interference*

TWA

traveling-wave amplifier*

TWM

traveling-wave maser*

TWP

traveling-wave phototube*

TWT

traveling-wave tube

UHF

ultrahigh frequency

ult (fn)

ultimate

UPS

uninterruptible power system*

uniform RC sections (stet overbar)

URL

uniform resource locator

XRD

X-ray diffraction

universal time

IEEE EDITORIAL STYLE MANUAL FOR AUTHORS

UTS

ultimate tensile strength

ultraviolet

V (u)

volt

V (s)

voltage

VA (u)

voltampere; Viterbi algorithm*

var (u)

var

VCL

varnished-cambric lead-covered*

VCO

voltage-controlled oscillator*

VCW

type V copper weld*

VDS

voltage divider switching*

ver, vers (fn)

versine

voice frequency*

VFO

variable-frequency oscillator*

VHF

very high frequency*

V–I

voltage–current (characteristic of curve)

VLF

very low frequency*

VLSI

very large scale integration*

VOR

very high-frequency omnidirectional radio

voltage regulator*

VSB

vestigial sideband*

VSWR

voltage standing-wave ratio

VTB

voltage time to breakdown*

VTVM

vacuum-tube voltmeter

volume units*

W (u)

watt

WAN

wide area network

Wb (u)

weber

WDM

wavelength-division multiplexing*

WDMA

wavelength-division multiple access*

WKB

Wentzel–Kramer–Brillouin*

wpl, w.p.l.

with probability 1*

wrt, w.r.t.

with respect to

watertight*

wt%

weight percent

XPM c

ross-phase modulation

XOR

EXCLUSIVE-OR circuit (small caps)

X-wave

extraordinary-wave (ionogram)

IEEE EDITORIAL STYLE MANUAL

YAG

yttrium aluminum garnet

yd (u)

yard

YIG

yttrium iron garnet

Factor by Which the Unit Is Modified

Prefix

Symbol

1000000000000 = 10

tera

1000000000 = 10

giga

1000000 = 10

mega

1000 = 10

kilo

100 = 10

hecto

10 = 10

deka

0.1 = 10

-1

deci

0.01 = 10

-2

centi

0.001 = 10

-3

milli

0.000001 =10

-6

micro

0.000000001 = 10

-9

nano

0.000000000001 = 10

-12

pico

0.000000000000001 = 10

-15

femto

0.000000000000000001 = 10

-18

atto

For prefixes indicating powers of 2, see Table 7 at the NIST site.

E. Inclusive Language Guide

Overall recommendations:

● Use “people-first language,” i.e., the person has X; has been diagnosed with X; uses a X; etc.

● Do not spell out the acronyms LGBTQIA+, LGBT, LGBTQ, LGBTQIA.

Insensitive Term/Phrase

Replace With

Definition/Background

Additional Notes

A.D. (when referencing

history/time)

C.E., common era

Abbreviation of the Latin phrase

anno Domini, translated as “the

year of the Lord.” Traditionally, it

is used to date years after the birth

of Jesus

This contradicts AP style.

Able-bodied

non-disabled/does not

have a disability

IEEE EDITORIAL STYLE MANUAL FOR AUTHORS

Afro-American/Negro/

Colored/Nigger (in

reference to race)

Avoid in all instances;

African American*;

Black†

People of African descent have

widely varied cultural

backgrounds, family histories, and

family experiences. Some will be

from Caribbean islands, Latin

America, various regions in the

United States, countries in Africa,

or elsewhere. Some American

people of African ancestry prefer

“Black,” and others prefer

“African American”; both terms

are acceptable.

* Specific to people of specific

African descent; not to be used as an

umbrella for people of African

ancestry worldwide.

† Widely accepted to encompass

multiple ethnicities and/or national

origins.

B.C. (when referencing

history/time)

B.C.E., before

common era

Literally, before Christ or the

Christian era.

This contradicts AP style.

Black box

Closed box

Preferred term from IEEE Thesaurus

Blacklist; black list

Blocklist; block list

The Hollywood blacklist was

instituted by the House

Un-American Activities

Committee in 1947 to block

screenwriters and other Hollywood

professionals who were purported

to have Communist sympathies

from obtaining employment. A list

or compilation that identifies

entities that are denied,

unrecognized, or ostracized. The

term's racist connotations derive

from the idea that black equates to

negative; this view can be

controversial.

Preferred term from IEEE Thesaurus

Blind

blind*; limited vision;

low vision; partially

sighted†

According to the American

Foundation for the Blind, the term

“legally blind” denotes a person

with 20/200 visual acuity or less.

Therefore, “blind” or “legally

blind” is acceptable for people

with almost complete vision loss.

Many people with vision loss are

not considered blind.

* Use only with people who are

“legally blind” (a person with 20/2000

visual acuity or less)

† Used most often in British

publications

Blind channel estimation

Source signal

equalizers

Preferred term from IEEE Thesaurus

Blind equalizers

Source signal

equalizers

Preferred term from IEEE Thesaurus

Blind signal separation

Mix source separation

Preferred term from IEEE Thesaurus

Blind source separation

Mix source separation

Preferred term from IEEE Thesaurus

Caretaker

caregiver

A caregiver is an individual who

assists another, including a person

with a disability, with his or her

daily life, according to

Merriam-Webster.

Caretaker denotes taking care of

property; Caregiver denotes giving

care to people.

IEEE EDITORIAL STYLE MANUAL

Caucasian

European American*;

White

The use of the term “Caucasian” as

an alternative to “White” or

“European” is discouraged because

it originated as a way of

classifying White people as a race

to be favorably compared with

other races. As with all discussions

of race and ethnicity, it is

preferable to be more specific

about regional (e.g., Southern

European, Scandinavian) or

national (e.g., Italian, Irish,

Swedish, French, Polish) origin

when possible.

* Adjust as needed for location (i.e.,

European, European American,

European Australian, etc.)

Chairman

chairperson

Committed suicide

died by suicide

Crazy/loony/mad/

psycho/nuts/deranged/

insane/insanity/

mentally deranged/

psychopathology

mental illness*;

mental disorder*;

psychopathology(ical)

Once commonly used to describe

people with mental illness;

commonly used informally to

denote mental instability or mental

illness.

* Except in a quote or when referring

to a criminal defense.

Cripple

Avoid in all

instances*; use people

first language and

their diagnosis, i.e.,

“person with X”

Merriam-Webster defines the noun

“cripple” as “a lame or partly

disabled person or animal” and as

“something flawed or imperfect.”

It is also used as a verb. The word

dates back to Old English, where it

was related to words that meant to

creep or bend over.

Deaf

D(d)eaf*; hard of

hearing

Having total or partial hearing loss.

* NCDJ Recommendation: Lowercase

when referring to a hearing-loss

condition or to a deaf person who

prefers lowercase. Capitalize for those

who identify as members of the Deaf

community or when they capitalize

Deaf when describing themselves.

“D(d)eaf” should be used as an

adjective, not as a noun; it describes a

person with profound or complete

hearing loss. Other acceptable phrases

include “woman who is deaf” or “boy

who is hard of hearing.” When

quoting or paraphrasing a person who

has signed their responses, it’s

appropriate on first reference to

indicate that the responses were

signed. It’s acceptable to use the word

“said” in subsequent references. Per

the National Association of the Deaf,

"D(d)eaf" is acceptable.

IEEE EDITORIAL STYLE MANUAL FOR AUTHORS

Deformed/deformity

(when referencing a

person)

Avoid in all

instances*; refer to

specifics description

rather than

generalized term of

deformity

Merriam-Webster defines as a part

of the body that does not have the

typical or expected shape

Dumb (mute)

non verbal

Once widely used to describe a

person who could not speak and

also implied the inability to

express oneself; however, someone

who does not use speech still may

have the ability of expression.

Dwarf/vertically

challenged/midget

Dwarf*; short stature;

little person

Dwarfism is a medical or genetic

condition that results in a stature

below 4’10,” according to Little

People of America. The terms

“little people” and “little person”

refer to people of short stature and

have come into common use since

the founding of the Little People of

America organization in 1957.

* Use only when applied to a medical

diagnosis or in a quote.

Gay marriage/same-sex

marriage

Marriage*

* When writing about the inability to

legally marry, use “exclusion from

Marriage” or “denial of marriage.”

Handicap

Use people first

language; refer to the

person's condition

The Oxford English dictionary

defines a handicap as “a condition

that restricts a person’s ability to

function physically, mentally or

socially.”

Homesexual/Gay

gay*; lesbian,

bi(sexual)†

Short form term to reference gay,

lesbian, and bisexual orientations,

though not transgender people or

gender identity. Anti-gay activists

use “homosexual” as a slur to

stigmatize gay people by reducing

their lives to purely sexual terms.

* Only when used as an adjective (ie,

gay people);

† Use bisexual as an adj. and as

needed on first reference for clarity,

otherwise default to bi.

Indian (when referencing

Indigenous People)

Indigenous People;

specific tribe

The Oxford English dictionary

defines Indian in two ways:

1) a native or inhabitant of India;*

and 2) a member of any of the

indigenous peoples of North,

Central, and South America,

especially those of North America.

* Acceptable use for Indian in this

instance

Invalid (noun: in· va· lid)

Avoid in all

instances*; use people

first language and

their diagnosis, ie,

“person with X”

The Oxford English dictionary

defines an invalid as “a person

made weak or disabled by illness

or injury.” It is probably the oldest

term for someone living with

physical conditions that are

considered seriously limiting.

* Except when used in a direct quote

Lame

“difficulty walking”

Commonly used to describe

difficulty walking as the result of

an injury to the leg.

IEEE EDITORIAL STYLE MANUAL

LGBT (when talking with

those who are unfamiliar

with the issues or are not

supportive of the issues)

Gay and transgender;

lesbian, gay, bisexual,

and transgender*

Per “The Ally's Guide to

Terminology”: Reference sexual

orientation and gender identity

when talking about issues

pertaining to both. (See

Transgender for more

information.) The abbreviation

“LGBT” can be confusing and

alienating for those who are

unfamiliar with the issues or not

yet supportive—though it is

essential when talking to LGBT

and strongly supportive audiences.

Use the term that allows your

audience to stay focused on the

message without creating

confusion about your intended

meaning.

* If needed for clarity

Master/Slave

leader/follower;

parent/child;

primary/secondary;

main/secondary*

* Preferred term from IEEE

Thesaurus

Mentally ill/

emotionally disturbed

Person with a

psychiatric disability

Minorities

People of color*;

underrepresented

groups†

The use of “minority” may be

viewed pejoratively because it is

usually equated with being less

than, oppressed, or deficient in

comparison with the majority (i.e.,

White people).

* POC (people of color).

† When possible, use the specific

name of the group or groups to which

you are referring.

Normal People

Person without X

Oriental (when referencing

race)

Asian*; Asian

American†

“Orientals” is considered

pejorative; be more specific by

providing nation and region of

origin (Japanese, Chinese,

Vietnamese, etc.).

* For people from Asia;

† People of Asian descent in North

America

IEEE EDITORIAL STYLE MANUAL FOR AUTHORS

Retarded/Slow learner

Learning disability*

According to the University of

Kansas Research & Training

Center on Independent Living:

“...describes a neurologically based

condition that may manifest itself

as difficulty learning and using

skills in reading (called dyslexia),

writing (dysgraphia), mathematics

(dyscalculia) and other cognitive

processes due to differences in

how the brain processes

information. Individuals with

learning disabilities have average

or above average intelligence, and

the term does not include a

learning problem that is primarily

the result of another cause, such as

intellectual disabilities or lack of

educational opportunity.”

* Only when the condition has been

medically diagnosed

Schiophrenic/Schizo

Person with

schizophrenia

Sex change (operation)

Transition

Per hrc.org: The process by which

some people strive to more closely

align their internal knowledge of

gender with its outward

appearance. Some people socially

transition, whereby they might

begin dressing, using names and

pronouns, and/or be socially

recognized as another gender.

Others undergo physical transitions

in which they modify their bodies

through medical interventions.

Transition is the accurate term that

does not fixate on surgeries, which

many transgender people do not or

cannot undergo. Terms like “pre-op”

or “postop” unnecessarily fixate on a

person’s anatomy and should be

avoided.

Sexual identity/

transgender identity

Gender

identity/gender

expression

Gender identity is one’s internal

sense of gender.

Gender expression is how a person

outwardly expresses their gender.

(Terms are not interchangeable.)

Many transgender people identify as

male or female and not simply

transgender. Pronouns express this

identity: He/him; She/her; They/them.

Sexual Preference/Gay

lifestyle/homosexual

lifestyle/same-sex

attractions/sexual identity

sexual orientation

“Sexual preference” is used by

anti-gay activists to suggest that

being gay is a choice; therefore,

being gay can be changed. Using

“lifestyle” insinuates much the

same and stigmatizes gay people

suggesting their lives should be

viewed strictly as sexual.

Transgendered/

a transgender (n.)/

transgenders (n.)/

transvestite/tranny

Transgender

Transgender is an adjective, not a

noun. “Trans” as shorthand is often

used within the LGBTQ+

community, but not generally

understood by general audiences.

Always use a transgender person’s

chosen name. Also, a person who

identifies as a certain gender should

be referred to using pronouns

consistent with that gender (he/him,

she/her, they/them).

Unmanned aerial vehicles

Autonomous aerial

vehicles

Preferred term from IEEE Thesaurus

IEEE EDITORIAL STYLE MANUAL

Unmanned automobiles or

cars

Autonomous

automobiles

Preferred term from IEEE Thesaurus

Unmanned underwater

vehicles

Autonomous

underwater vehicles

Preferred term from IEEE Thesaurus

Unmanned vehicles

Autonomous vehicles

Preferred term from IEEE Thesaurus

Unsuccessful suicide

Attempted suicide

Wheelchair-bound

Wheelchair user/Uses

a wheelchair

White box

Glass box

Preferred term from IEEE Thesaurus

Whitelist; white list

Access list

A whitelist (or white list) is a list

or register of entities that, for one

reason or another, are being

provided a particular privilege,

service, mobility, access or

recognition. This can be a

controversial view for some.

Preferred term from IEEE Thesaurus

IEEE EDITORIAL STYLE MANUAL FOR AUTHORS